The Return: Nightfall Chapter 15

Matt nodded, but he was blushing to the fair roots of his hair. â€Å"Tami†¦pressed herself against me.† There was a long pause. Meredith said levelly, â€Å"Matt, do you mean she hugged you? Like a biiiiiig hug? Or that she†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She stopped, because Matt was already shaking his head vehemently. â€Å"It was no innocent biiiiiig hug. We were alone, in the doorway there, and she just†¦well, I couldn't believe it. She's only fifteen, but she acted like an adult woman. I mean†¦not that I've ever had an adult woman dothat to me.† Looking embarrassed but relieved at having got this off his chest, Matt's gaze went from face to face. â€Å"So what do you think? Was it just a coincidence that Caroline was there? Or did she†¦say something to Tamra?† â€Å"No coincidence,† Elena said simply. â€Å"It'd be toomuch of a coincidence: Caroline coming on to you and then Tamra acting like that. I know – I used to know Tami Bryce. She's a nice little girl – or she used to be.† â€Å"She still is,† Meredith said. â€Å"I told you, I went out with Jim a few times. She's a very nice girl, and not at all mature for her age. I don't think she would normally do anything inappropriate, unless†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She stopped, looking into the middle distance, and then shrugged without finishing her sentence. Bonnie looked serious now. â€Å"But we have to stop this,† she said. â€Å"What if she does that to some guy who's not nice and shy like Matt? She's going to get herself assaulted!† â€Å"That's the whole problem,† Matt said, turning red again. â€Å"I mean, it's pretty difficult†¦. If she had been some other girl, that I was going on a date with – not that I go out with other girls on dates†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he added hastily, glancing at Elena. â€Å"But youshould be going out on dates,† Elena said firmly. â€Å"Matt, I don't want eternal fidelity from you – there's nothing I'd like better than to see you dating a nice girl.† As if by accident, her gaze wandered over to Bonnie, who was now trying to crunch celery very quietly and neatly. â€Å"Stefan, you're the only one who can tell us what to do,† Elena said, turning to him. Stefan was frowning. â€Å"I don't know. With only two girls, it's pretty hard to draw any conclusions.† â€Å"So we're going to wait and see what Caroline – or Tami – does next?† Meredith asked. â€Å"Not just wait,† Stefan said. â€Å"We've got to find out more about it. You guys can keep an eye on Caroline and Tamra Bryce, and I can do some research on it.† â€Å"Damn!† Elena said, hitting the ground with one fist. â€Å"I can almost – † She stopped suddenly and looked at her friends. Bonnie had dropped her celery, gasping, and Matt had choked on his Coke, going into a coughing fit. Even Meredith and Stefan were staring at her. â€Å"What?† she said blankly. Meredith recovered first. â€Å"It's just that yesterday you were – well, very young angels don't swear.† â€Å"Just because I died a couple of times, it means I have to say ;;darn' for the rest of my life?† Elena shook her head. â€Å"Not. I'm me and I'm going to stay me – whoever I am.† â€Å"Good,† said Stefan, leaning over to kiss the top of her head. Matt looked away and Elena gave Stefan an almost dismissive pat, but thinking,I love you forever , and knowing that he would pick it up even if she couldn't hear his thought in return. In fact she found shecould pick up his general response to it, a warm rose color seemed to hang around him. Was this what Bonnie saw and called an aura? She realized that most of the day she'd seen him with a light, cool, emerald sort of shadowing around him – if shadows could be light. And the green was returning now as the pink faded away. Immediately she glanced over the rest of the picnickers. Bonnie was surrounded by a roselike color, shading to the palest of pinks. Meredith was a deep and profound violet. Matt was a strong clear blue. It reminded her that up until yesterday – only yesterday? – she'd seen so many things that no one else could see. Including something that had scared her silly. What had itbeen ? She was getting flashes of images – little details that were scary enough by themselves. It could be as small as a fingernail or as large as an arm. Bark-like texture, at least on the body. Insect-like antennae, but far too many of them, and moving like whips, faster than any insect ever moved them. She had the general crawly feeling she got whenever she thought about insects. It was a bug, then. But a bug built on a different body plan than any insect she knew of. It was more like a leech in that respect, or a squid. It had a completely circular mouth, with sharp teeth all around, and far too many tentacles that looked like thick vines whipping around in back. It could attach itself to a person, she thought. But she had a terrible feeling that it could do more. It could turn transparent and pull itself inside you and you would feel no more than a pinprick. Andthen what would happen? Elena turned to Bonnie. â€Å"Do you think that if I show you what something looks like, you could recognize it again? Not with your eyes, but with your psychic senses?† â€Å"I guess it depends on what the  ¡Ã‚ ®something' is,† Bonnie answered cautiously. Elena glanced over at Stefan, who gave her briefest of nods. â€Å"Then shut your eyes,† she said. Bonnie did so, and Elena put her fingertips on Bonnie's temples, with her thumbs gently brushing Bonnie's eyelashes. Trying to activate her White Powers – something that had been so easy before today – was like striking two rocks together to make a fire and hoping one was flint. Finally she felt a small spark, and Bonnie jerked backward. Bonnie's eyes snapped open.†What was that?† she gasped. She was breathing hard. â€Å"That's what I saw – yesterday.† â€Å"Where?† Elena said slowly, â€Å"Inside Damon.† â€Å"But what does it mean? Was he controlling it? Or†¦or†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bonnie stopped and her eyes widened. Elena finished the sentence for her. â€Å"Was it controlling him? I don't know. But here's one thing I do know, almost for certain. When he ignored your Calling, Bonnie, he was being influenced by the malach.† â€Å"The question is,if not Damon , who was controlling it?† Stefan said, standing up again restlessly. â€Å"I picked that up, and the kind of creature Elena showed you – it's not something with a mind of its own. It needs an outside brain to control it.† â€Å"Like another vampire?† Meredith asked quietly. Stefan shrugged. â€Å"Vampires usually just ignore them, because vampires can get what they want without them. It would have to be a very strong mind to get a malach like that to possess a vampire. Strong – and evil.† â€Å"Those,† Damon said with biting grammatical precision, from where he was sitting on a high limb of an oak, â€Å"are they. My younger brother and his†¦associates.† â€Å"Marvelous,† murmured Shinichi. He had draped himself even more gracefully and languidly against the oak than Damon had. It had become an unspoken contest. Shinichi's golden eyes had flared once or twice – Damon had seen it – upon seeing Elena and at the mention of Tami. â€Å"Don't even try to tell me you're not involved with those rowdy girls,† Damon added dryly. â€Å"From Caroline to Tamra and onward, that's the idea, isn't it?† Shinichi shook his head. His eyes were on Elena and he began to sing a folksong softly. â€Å"With cheeks like blooming roses And hair like golden wheat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I wouldn't try it onthose girls.† Damon smiled without humor. His eyes were narrow. â€Å"Granted, they look about as strong as wet tissue paper – but they're tougher than you'd think, and they're toughest of all when one of them is in danger.† â€Å"I told you, it's not me doing it,† Shinichi said. He looked uneasy for the first time since Damon had seen him. Then he said, â€Å"Although I might know the originator.† â€Å"Do tell,† Damon suggested, still narrow-eyed. â€Å"Well – did I mention my younger twin? Her name is Misao.† He smiled winningly. â€Å"It means maiden.† Damon felt an automatic stirring of appetite. He ignored it. He was too relaxed to think of hunting, and he wasn't at all sure thatkitsune – fox-spirits, which Shinichi claimed to be – could be hunted. â€Å"No, you didn't mention her,† Damon said, absently scratching at the back of his neck. That mosquito bite was gone, but it had left behind a furious itching. â€Å"It must have somehow slipped your mind.† â€Å"Well, she's here somewhere. She came when I did, when we saw the flare of Power that brought back†¦Elena.† Damon felt sure that the hesitation before the mention of Elena's name was a fake. He tilted his head at thedon't think you're fooling me angle and waited. â€Å"Misao likes to play games,† Shinichi said simply. â€Å"Oh, yes? Like backgammon, chess, Go Fish, that sort of thing?† Shinichi coughed theatrically, but Damon caught the glint of red in his eye. My, he reallywas overprotective of her, wasn't he? Damon gave Shinichi one of his most incandescent smiles. â€Å"I love her,† the young man with the black hair licked by fire said, and this time there was an open warning in his voice. â€Å"Of course you do,† Damon said in soothing tones. â€Å"I can see that.† â€Å"But, well, her games usually have the effect of destroying a town. Eventually. Not all at once.† Damon shrugged. â€Å"This flyspeck of a village isn't going to be missed. Of course, I get my girls out alive first.† Now it was his voice that held an open warning. â€Å"Just as you like.† Shinichi was back to his normal, submissive self. â€Å"We're allies, and we'll keep to our deal. Anyway, it would be a shame to waste†¦all that.† His gaze drifted to Elena again. â€Å"By the way, we won't even discuss the little fiasco with your malach and me – or hers, if you insist. I'm pretty sure I've vaporized at least three of them, but if I see another one, our business relationship is over. I make a bad enemy, Shinichi. You don't want to find out how bad.† Shinichi looked suitably impressed as he nodded. But the next moment he was gazing at Elena again, and singing. â€Å"†¦hair like golden wheat all a-down her milk-white shoulders; My pretty pink, my sweet†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"And I'll want to meet this Misao of yours. For her protection.† â€Å"And I know she wants to meet you. She's caught up in her game at the moment, but I'll try to tear her away from it.† Shinichi stretched luxuriously. Damon looked at him for a moment. Then, absent-mindedly, he too stretched. Shinichi was watching him. He smiled. Damon wondered about that smile. He had noticed that when Shinichi smiled, two little flames of crimson could be seen in his eyes. But he was really too tired to think about it right now. Simply too relaxed. In fact he suddenly felt very sleepy†¦. â€Å"So we're going to be looking for these malach things in girls like Tami?† Bonnie asked. â€Å"Exactly like Tami,† said Elena. â€Å"And you think,† Meredith said, watching Elena closely, â€Å"that Tami got it somehow from Caroline.† â€Å"Yes. I know, I know – the question is: where did Caroline get it from? And that Idon't know. But, again, we don't know what happened to her when she was kidnapped by Klaus and Tyler Smallwood. We don't know anything about what she's been doing for the last week – except that it's clear she never really stopped hating us.† Matt held his head in his hands. â€Å"And then what are we going todo? I feel as if I'm responsible somehow.† â€Å"No – Jimmy's responsible, if anyone is. If he – you know, let Caroline spend the night – and then let her talk about it with his fifteen-year-old sister†¦. Well, it doesn't make himguilty , but he sure could have been a little more subtle,† Stefan said. â€Å"And that's whereyou're wrong,† Meredith told him. â€Å"Matt and Bonnie and Elena and I have known Caroline forages andwe know what she's capable of . If anyone qualifies as their sister's keeper – it's us. And I think we're in serious delinquency of duty. I vote we stop by her house.† â€Å"So do I,† Bonnie said sadly, â€Å"but I'm not looking forward to it. Besides, what if shedoesn't have one of those malach things in her?† â€Å"That's where the research comes in,† Elena said. â€Å"We need to find out who's behind it all. Someone strong enough to influence Damon.† â€Å"Wonderful,† Meredith said, looking grim. â€Å"And given the power of the ley lines, we only have every single person in Fell's Church to choose from.† Fifty yards west and thirty feet straight up, Damon was struggling to keep awake. Shinichi reached up to brush fine hair the color of night and flames licking upward off his forehead. Under his lowered lids he was watching Damon intently. Damon meant to be watching him as intently, but he was simply too drowsy. Slowly, he imitated Shinichi's motion, brushing a very few strands of silky black hair off his own forehead. His lids drooped inadvertently, just a little more than before. Shinichi was still smiling at him. â€Å"So we have our deal,† he murmured. â€Å"We get the town, Misao and I, and you don't stand in our way. We get the rights to the power of the ley lines. You get your girls safely out†¦and you get your revenge.† â€Å"Against my sanctimonious brother and that†¦that Mutt!† â€Å"Matt.† Shinichi had sharp ears. â€Å"Whatever. I just won't have Elena hurt, is all. Or the little red-headed witch.† â€Å"Ah, yes, sweet Bonnie. I wouldn't mind one or two like her. One for Samhain and one for the Solstice.† Damon snorted drowsily. â€Å"There aren't two like her; I don't care where you look. I won't have her hurt either.† â€Å"And what about the tall, dark-haired beauty†¦Meredith?† Damon woke up.†Where?† â€Å"Don't worry; she's not coming to get you,† Shinichi said soothingly. â€Å"What do you wantdone with her?† â€Å"Oh.† Damon lounged back again in relief, easing his shoulders. â€Å"Let her go her own way – as long as it's far away from mine.† Shinichi seemed to deliberately relax back against his branch. â€Å"Your brother will be no problem. So it's really just that other boy down there,† he murmured. He had a very insinuating murmur. â€Å"Yes. But my brother – † Damon was almost asleep now, in the exact position that Shinichi had taken. â€Å"I told you, he'll be taken care of.† â€Å"Mm. I mean, good.† â€Å"So we have a deal?† â€Å"Mm-hmm.† â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"We have a deal.† This time, Damon didn't respond. He was dreaming. He dreamed that Shinichi's angelic golden eyes snapped open suddenly to look at him. â€Å"Damon.† He heard his name, but in his dream it was too much trouble to open his eyes. He could see without opening them, anyway. In his dream, Shinichi leaned over him, hovering directly over his face, so that their auras mixed and they would have shared breath if Damon had been breathing. Shinichi stayed that way a long time, as if he were testing Damon's aura, but Damon knew that to an outsider he would appear to be out on all channels and frequencies. Still, in his dream Shinichi hung over him, as if he were trying to memorize the crescent of dark lashes on Damon's pale cheek or the subtle curve of Damon's mouth. Finally, the dream-Shinichi put his hand under Damon's head and stroked the spot where the mosquito bite had itched. â€Å"Oh, growing up to be a fine big lad, aren't you?† he said to something Damon couldn't see – to somethinginside him. â€Å"You could almost take full control against his own strong will, couldn't you?† Shinichi sat for a moment, as if watching a cherry blossom fall, then shut his eyes. â€Å"I think,† he whispered, â€Å"that that's what we'll try, not too long from now. Soon. Very soon. But first, we have to gain his trust; get rid of his rival. Keep him blurred, angry, vain, off balance. Keep him thinking of Stefan, of his hatred for Stefan, who took his angel, whileI take care of what needs to be done here.† Then he spoke directly to Damon. â€Å"Allies, indeed!† He laughed. â€Å"Not while I can put my finger on your very soul. Here. Do you feel it? What I could make you do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And then again he seemed to address whatever creature was already inside Damon: â€Å"But right now†¦a little feast to help you grow up much faster and get much stronger.† In the dream, Shinichi made a gesture, and lay back, encouraging previously invisible malach to come up the trees. They slunk up and slid up the back of Damon's neck. And then, hideously, they slipped inside him, one by one, through some cut he hadn't known he had. The feeling of their soft, flabby, jellyfish-like bodies was almost unbearable†¦slipping inside of him†¦. Shinichi sang softly. â€Å"Oh, come a' tae me, ye fair pretty maidens Haste ye lassies tae my bosom Come tae me by sunlight or moonlight While the roses still are in blossom†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In his dream, Damon was angry. Not because of the nonsense about malach inside him. That was ludicrous. He was angry because he knew that the dream-Shinichi was watching Elena as she began to pack up the remains of the picnic. He was watching every motion she made with an obsessive closeness. â€Å"They blossom ever where you tread †¦Wild roses bloody red.† â€Å"Extraordinary girl, your Elena,† the dream-Shinichi added. â€Å"If she lives, I think she'll be mine for a night or so.† He stroked the remaining strands of hair off Damon's forehead gently. â€Å"Extraordinary aura, don't you think? I'll make sure her death is beautiful.† But Damon was in one of those dreams where you can neither move nor speak. He didn't answer. Meanwhile, dream-Shinichi's dream-pets continued to climb the trees and pour themselves, like Jell-O, inside him. One, two, three, a dozen, two dozen of them.More . And Damon could not wake, even though he sensed more malach coming from the Old Wood. They were neither dead, nor living, neither man nor maiden, mere capsules of Power that would allow Shinichi to control Damon's mind from far away. Endlessly, they came. Shinichi kept watching the flow, the bright sparkle of internal organs sparkling into Damon. After a while he sang again, â€Å"Days are precious, dinna lose them Flo'ers will fade and so will ye†¦ Come to me, ye fair young maidens While young and fair ye still may be.† Damon dreamed that he heard the word â€Å"forget† as if whispered by a hundred voices. And even as he tried to remember what to forget, it dissolved and disappeared. He woke up alone in the tree, with an ache that filled his entire body.

Catcher in the Rye- ‘Holden’s Hatred of Everything’ Essay

‘Holden’s hatred of everything is shallow and indicates his own unrealistic and confused attitude.’ Discuss. J.D. Salinger’s novel Catcher in the Rye depicts a teenager struggling through an identity crisis during the 1950’s. Salinger promotes the themes of growing up and adolescence through the protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Holden’s attitude towards life is bitter and contemptuous which prevents him from successfully interacting with other people. His transition from childhood to adulthood is blurry and unclear as he lacks the skills needed to shift from one to the other. Furthermore, he is unable to overcome the obstacle, as he sees it, of growing up as he is finding it difficult to accept the responsibility that comes with it. Holden exposes his idea of the shallowness and hypocrisy in the world by describing them as ‘phony’. Holden recognizes that phoniness is all throughout society. Whether it be in reference to his old school principal at Elkton Hills only conversing with the upper class families, or to his hatred of movies as it involves actors pretending to be something they’re not. Although Holden holds this pessimistic attitude, it seems to be evident that this outlook appears only to be evoked by sympathy, either for the families that looked down upon at Elkton Hills or for his own dysfunctional family. Holden also sees the insincerity in the publication of Stradlater, his roommate who is able to hide his ‘secret [slobbery]’ behind his ‘sexy’ appearance and fake charm. In this sense, Holden may also be jealous of how easily Stradlater can shield his insecurities as he has a strong sense of self-imposed ego. Holden describes his older brother D.B. as a phony because Holden perceives him as a ‘sellout’ for being a ‘prostitute in Hollywood’. Though Holden used to look up to his older brother, his now believes D.B. is compromising his talents for an audience. Similarly, with Ernie who plays piano at the nightclub, Holden is frustrated when the audience claps for him, claiming that ‘people always clap for the wrong things’. Holden is often found disapproving of particular elements in society, however is able to justify to himself the reasons of his actions based on his own experiences and perceptions, which may clash with the expectations of society and it is this that confuses Holden. Holden’s idea of reality is found to be altered due to hurtful experiences and therefore he has difficulty with interactions, forming connections and approval of society. At the beginning of the text, the reader is informed that Holden is narrating from a mental institution, which enables the reader to conclude that Holden’s views of reality are somewhat unstable. Moreover, Holden is unable to let go of the past, as he believes childhood is the only place he will find happiness. Holden’s perception of childhood consists of unconditional love, simplicity and safety from the corruption of the outer world. To Holden, this genuineness existed only when Allie was alive. It is here that the reader is led to believe that the reasons behind Holden’s inability to deal with complexity and intimacy stem from the death of Allie which he has failed to properly grieve for, resulting in confusion and lack of the closure he needs to move forward. In regards to his sexuality and lack of knowledge or experience in the matter, Holden notes that it doesn’t really apply as ‘in [his] mind, [he’s] probably the biggest sex maniac you ever saw’ which implies that Holden has already created his own world in which he has isolated himself to. Holden’s fantasy is to be the ‘catcher in the rye,’ ‘catching’ kids from falling off a cliff into the pretentious world of adulthood. This metaphor indicates that Holden wants to be the person to save the children before they fall out of their innocent knowledge into the repulsive world of adults. His desire to remain in of childhood is implied when he explains that the ‘best things about the museum is everything stayed where it was’ which shows that he longs for a world that remains frozen and unchanged, as he fears the unknown. Also, when watching Phoebe on the carousel, Holden mentions that ‘the nice things about carousels were that they always played the same songs.’ The reality of the world cannot be accepted if the meaning is unknown, and this applies to Holden as his ignorance to explore this unknown prevents his from being the man he truly wants to be. Furthermore, Holden finds difficulty in accepting the concerns and responsibilities that are required in the adult world. His childishness and immaturity, whether deliberate or not, is evident when Holden ‘left all the foils and equipment and stuff on the goddam subway’ and instead of accepting that he made a mistake, he blames it on that he ‘had to keep getting up to look at this map so ‘[they’d] know where to get off’. Holden’s responsibility as an adolescent teenager was to finish school with good grades however unable to do that, he transfers to different schools repeatedly, only to fail again. Holden’s inability to accept responsibility may also be due to a fear of success. Holden’s childishness is also noticed throughout the novel when Holden refuses to go home and confront his parents about ‘flunking out of Pencey Prep’ in fear of the criticism and consequences that will result. Holden dislikes responsibility, as he believes that with it comes expectations, and if he doesn’t live up to those expectations, then the unconditional love he received through childhood will subside. ‘Catcher in the Rye’ explores the tension and confusion between Holden’s aspiration to observe and isolate with his need to converse and connect. Holden displays characteristics of a secluded mentality and is victim of his own isolation, which in turn prevents him from conforming to society’s expectations. Through Holden, the contrast between childhood and adulthood and the process of transitioning from one to another are examined closely. As the novel progresses, the reader is able to understand what events Holden has experienced that have lead to his unrealistic and confused attitude about fearing change, resenting adulthood and growing up.

Facebook Assignment

Nathan Barry – S10001606 Business Context Introduction The following assignment was created by our group [ ] Our chosen organisation for the assignment is the online social networking site Facebook. As a group we feel as though this would give us a good opportunity to analyse the factors of business content in an in-depth way. Business could be defined as â€Å"the transformation of inputs into outputs. This transformation process takes place against a background of external influences which affect the firm and its activities†. (Worthington and Britton 2000:3) Facebook BackgroundFacebook was co-founded in February 2004 by Mark Zuckerburg and roommate Dustin Moskovitz, both American entrepreneurs who attended Harvard University, Massachusetts. Zuckerburg now owns around a quarter of the organisation with Dustin still having a share of around 6-7% as of 2010. Facebook’s mission statement simply reads â€Å"to give people the power to share and make the world more open and connected†. (www. facebook. com) Economics â€Å"The study of how human beings seek to use resources to satisfy the whole range of their needs, wants and desires†. Wetherly and Otter 2008:3) We need resources in order to satisfy our needs, wants and aspirations. The economy provides this in four categories which are land, labour, capital and enterprise. The economy surrounding Facebook is undoubtedly large and still growing rapidly with investors continuingly looking to pump money into the company. The site attracts businesses from all over the world and of all sizes with its expansive advertising space which reaches out to millions of users daily.Recent figures published by Facebook themselves estimate a figure in the region of â€Å"five hundred million users with 50% of chose actively logging into the site daily†. (www. Facebook. com/stats). This therefore is an extremely attractive proposition for any business looking to advertise as most target audi ences are reachable. Supply and demand is an extremely important factor for Facebook. They are the market leader in there sector and therefore control the price as investors and company’s looking to advertise have little choice when it comes to substitutes (compliments).There is a huge demand for what Facebook offer and this demand is only met by small supply which as a result increases the price. Legal/Technology Technology is â€Å"the sum of knowledge of the means and methods of producing goods and services† (Worthington and Britton 2000:138). Technology is massive issue for any online business as falling behind could be very costly in terms of gaining a competitive advantage. Facebook specifically must concentrate on information technology (i. c. t) as they handle huge quantities of data about their users.Businesses must comply with legislation and Facebook are a complex example with issues such as eBullying, â€Å"the term used to refer to bullying and harassment by use of electronic devices such as mobile phones, e-mail, instant messaging, text messages and websites†. (www. ebullying. co. uk). Facebook attempts to reduce this with an extensive rights and responsibility page which must be agreed to when the user signs up to the website such as an age restriction policy although this is easily flawed as users can enter the wrong D. O. B without checks being carried out.

Anything about europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Anything about europe - Essay Example Parliament itself was controlled by big landlords. The man in the street still did not count. If this was true of England, the same was the case in other European countries like Austria-Hungry, Prussia, Russia, France, Spain, Poland etc. In most of the European countries, the rulers were depots although during the 18th century they were called enlightened despots. The people had no hand in the administration of the country. They did not enjoy any personal liberty and everything depended upon the whims of the rulers. Serfdom prevailed almost everywhere in Europe. European rulers at that time were dishonest and unprincipled. International morality reached its lowest ebb during the 18th century. A man like Frederic, the Great, did not hesitate to annex Silesia in spite of his promises to Charles VI, the father of Maria Theresa. Russia, Prussia, and Austria conspired among themselves to put an end to the very existence of Poland. There was a general craze for territorial expansion at the expense of the weaker neighbors. "No consideration was paid to race limits or national boundaries," In the words of Professor Holland Rose, " That respect of dynastic rights and treaty obligations which generally held sway when Christendom was more than a name, now gave place to a state policy which avowedly aimed at little else but gain of territory or markets." Prof Hazen says, "The old regime in Europe was disloyal to the very principles of which it is rested" and those principles were respect for the established order and regard for regality and engagements (Mahajan 1) All over Europe there were privileged classes which were completely or partially exempted from taxation and the burden of taxation fell on the unprivileged classes. The rich paid less to the state and the main burden fell on the poor. European society was organized on a feudal basis and the landlords acted like petty sovereigns in the localities. The serfs were attached to the land and most of the proceeds from land went into the pockets of the landlords. The conditions of the serfs were miserable. To quote, "the great substructure of European society was an unhappy, un free, unprotected, undeveloped mass of human beings, to whom an opportunity for growth and improvement was closed on every side." While a few enjoyed privileges, the others suffered. Inequality in every field weakened the very foundations of the social systems. There was hardly any awakening among the masses of Europe and thus the system continued. (Mahajan 21) As regards the religion condition of Europe, western, western and central Europe were roughly divide between a Protestant North and a Roman Catholic south. In the centre people of Switzerland and Savoy were Protestants. The people of Ireland and Poland were Catholics. In Eastern Europe, the orthodox of Greek Church held sway over Russia and the Balkans. The Jews were found all over Europe. In some places, they were tolerated, while at others persecuted. Europe was not free from religious strife but religious toleration was making headway. It was felt that persons of different faiths could be the loyal subjects of the state. The growth of humanitarianism also played its part. The spread of the spirit of scientific inquiry made for tolerance. There was the decline of dogmatic religion. Causes of the French revolution The French revolutio

Reflection for a year living on the brink Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflection for a year living on the brink - Essay Example He is convinced that the current regime has failed to address escalating tax rates, the failure of the current Obama regime to revive the economy through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The article is interesting because it addresses the ailing economic situation in United States and the world at large. The author investigates the possible causes of the economic stability such as entrusting financial duties to central banks and previous systems that capitalized on labor protection at the expense of job creation. Though the failing economic failure can be solved through a change in regime, countries should address the economic anxiety with practical financial policies. A financial system that empowers all taxpayers is one of the potential ways of improving the current economic situation. An able leader combined practical financial or economic policies can revive the economy of United States and the foreign systems that depend on it. However, the crises should not be addressed in general but the measures should be customized for each economy. Henninger reveals that Chancellor Gerhard Schroder reformed German labor market successfully in

The Difference in Nonverbal Behaviors and How It Changes In Different Article

The Difference in Nonverbal Behaviors and How It Changes In Different Stages of A Relationship - Article Example Through the research, it was found that both language and nonverbal communication are equally important for romantic relationships. However, the nature of nonverbal relationships changes with the passage of time for both genders. Women tend to be more inclined towards nonverbal cues in relationships as compared to men. The researchers studied the responses of 145 participants and found women to be more relationship-oriented than their male counterparts. The study also helped in knowing that nonverbal communication is on high end in case of more involved romantic partners. Casual daters have been found less inclined towards nonverbal cues as compared to married and long term relationship couples. Although this study is very useful, interesting, and informative, yet is has some limitations, such as, lack of involvement of people of higher age groups and inaccuracy or invalidity of the filled questionnaires as the researchers did not go in direct contact with the research participants. However, apart from these few limitations, the study seems to be very useful for people in romantic relationships as they can know where their relationship lies and how should they progress with their relationships in different stages of the romantic relationship. There were three main research questions used by the researchers. One of them was aimed towards knowing the differences between women and men and the way they respond to the nonverbal questionnaire. The second research question was aimed towards knowing the variations between the responses of research participants in five differences stages of the romantic relationship. The third question was aimed towards knowing the differences in affectionate communication in the five stages of the relationship. The research questions created by the researchers for the study were able to retrieve a good level of detail about the

Radio Broadcast and the FM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Radio Broadcast and the FM - Essay Example The information was now made available at distances ranging from hundreds of kilometers without the transfer of any physical thing and also the same data was available to a large population at the same time. This technology also paved a whole new way of entertainment and music and the business associated to these industries. The technology associated to the radio was initially developed for the purpose of transmitting messages in coded format and the same can be termed as wireless telegraphy and found its usage in maritime and sea navigation and for defense purpose with messages being sent in Morse code format. Later it was found that the technology could also transmit human voice. With the discovery of modulation technology, the terms like AM and SW started making rounds and the whole new world of electronic media came into existence. A very simple step that began on December 16, 1907 with the broadcasting of a song by singer Eugenia H. Farrar from the Brooklyn Navy Yard has been the reason behind the very success of today's electronic media. It was Lee De Forest who had facilitated the broadcasting of song on a radio (FCC, 2005). ... The College radio became very popular among audiences in San Jose. In 1917, with the beginning of World War I with all resources being used for public broadcasting were diverted for defense use and public broadcasting saw a long halt. The radio transmission came under the purview of Navy and the two way telephony was given the importance. But things are actually going to begin rather than facing an abrupt end. The licensed radio broadcasting came into existence with Frank Conrad's company Westinghouse obtained the first commercial radio license and launched KDKA in November, 1920 (Adams, 2003). KDKA broadcasted the election results and the sold radios to the home users. Peace time usage of the broadcasting technology had arrived to make its first broad presence. The success of KDKA The KDKA era led to something which can be termed as the golden period of Radio based broadcasting services. May be for the first time in the history, the public was showing more interest to the product than the producers and this public sentiment gets visible with the unprecedented growth in the demand of radio receiving equipments and at the same time the Westinghouse Organization had to work for opening up other broadcasting stations. The company installed the most powerful broadcasting transmitter known as WSJ on the roof of its plant at Newark, N. J. and the same building roofed the studio (White, 2007). The studio was designed in such a way that it was sound proof equipped with several musical instruments. The studio was meant for artists basically single and players and speakers and news readers. The WSJ used to serve a region within a radius of

Application of Jacques Lacan's theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Application of Jacques Lacan's theories - Essay Example This movement took place mostly in France and gathered such bright and original thinkers as Lacan, Foucault, Althusser, Poulantzas and others. This movement had more an ideological than an organisational nature because all of its participants had a particular individuality and independent way in science, so, they denied their affiliation to the Structuralism. Jacques-Marie Emile Lacan took up the study of medicine in 1920 and specialised in psychiatry from 1926. He undertook his own analysis around this time with Rudolph Loewenstein and this continued until 1938. Lacan was very active in the world of Parisian writers, artists and intellectuals of the time: he was a friend of Andr Breton, Salvador Dal and Pablo Picasso, and attended the mouvement Psych founded by Maryse Choisy. Several of his articles were published in the Surrealist journal Minotaure and he was present at the first public reading of James Joyce's Ulysses. In his studies he had a particular interest in the philosophic work of Karl Jaspers and Martin Heidegger and, alongside many other Parisian intellectuals of the time, he also attended the famous seminars on Hegel given by Alexandre Kojve. France had not proved the most favo... Lacan was very active in the world of Parisian writers, artists and intellectuals of the time: he was a friend of Andr Breton, Salvador Dal and Pablo Picasso, and attended the mouvement Psych founded by Maryse Choisy. Several of his articles were published in the Surrealist journal Minotaure and he was present at the first public reading of James Joyce's Ulysses. In his studies he had a particular interest in the philosophic work of Karl Jaspers and Martin Heidegger and, alongside many other Parisian intellectuals of the time, he also attended the famous seminars on Hegel given by Alexandre Kojve. France had not proved the most favourable testing-ground for Freud's theories. In 1907 Freud wrote to Jung of the difficulties the psychoanalytic movement had in making any headway there. He put this down to the national character, observing that 'it has always been hard to import things into France. The difficulty experienced by psychoanalysis was greatly increased by the fact that it was simultaneously perceived as Teutonic and Jewish, and was thus subject both to anti-German and to anti-semitic prejudice which were strong in French intellectual circles. It was in this atmosphere that Jacques Lacan developed his own theoretical system. Given the strength of the prevailing cultural chauvinism it is perhaps not surprising that Lacan should have begun by importing into psychoanalysis concepts which had been formulated in a completely different framework and whose originator neither intended nor imagined that they would eventually be married to the theories of Freud. Lacan presented his first analytic paper on the 'Mirror Phase' at the 1936 Congress of the International

'The Road Not Taken' by Robert Frost (1916) and A Comparison with Essay

'The Road Not Taken' by Robert Frost (1916) and A Comparison with Other Selected Literary Pieces - Essay Example It is, of course much deeper in meaning than that straightforward description. By the use of color, he paints an autumnal scene, suggesting he is looking back at himself later in his life. For example, "...yellow wood" (l. 1) for the leaves are not green, and again in "In leaves no step had trodden black" (l. 12), give the impressions of mulchy, earthy scents of autumn. The poet's own voice is heard throughout, sharing thought, feeling and action. There is gentle irony in "Oh, I kept the first for another day!" (l.13) and again in: His descriptive narrative, reasoning processes, and finally, a suggestion of regret, created by using the word 'sigh', combine to inform us that this is not a person at a rural crossroads, looking for a shortcut to town. The underlying meaning is how we all have choices to make, how it is necessary for us to rationalize them to ourselves, and how, with hindsight, we might wish we had chosen otherwise. The poem speaks of the consequences of our action, and that finally, we have to live with these, you cannot go back. It calls up visual and sensual images with the language used. It also suggests that it is brave to take the road less traveled, to be different and to seek adventure and change. Dream Variations (1926) and Harlem (1942): Lan... The underlying meaning is how we all have choices to make, how it is necessary for us to rationalize them to ourselves, and how, with hindsight, we might wish we had chosen otherwise. The poem speaks of the consequences of our action, and that finally, we have to live with these, you cannot go back. It calls up visual and sensual images with the language used. It also suggests that it is brave to take the road less traveled, to be different and to seek adventure and change. Dream Variations (1926) and Harlem (1942): Langston Hughes' two poems are less traditional in form and rhythm, but bursting with color, movement, heat and power. 'Dream Variations' is full of hope and self-awareness, it is exultant and exuberant as are the actions and emotions portrayed. "To whirl and to dance" (l. 3) and "Dance! Whirl! Whirl!" (l. 12). The repetition of "To fling my arms wide" (l. 1 and 10) keeps the momentum and joyful action going. The use of "Dark like me- " (l. 8) and "Black like me" (l.17) where Hughes uses the similes of night and nature, suggests that this is someone who has made a choice as to how and what he wants to be; in contrast to Frost, there is no doubt or regret, no weighing up, he has made up his mind, even if in a dream. "That is my dream" (l. 9) shows a depth of emotional self-belief. 3. 'Harlem What happens to a dream deferred' uses stark, vivid and sensual contradictions in the imagery, dispersing the hope and joy in the earlier poem. The meaning is clarified by "Maybe it just sags like a heavy load." (l. 9-10) and this links back to Frost's regret, but is more powerful in its anger. The same feeling of wanting our choices to lead to happiness and fulfillment is

Significant Advances in Nursing Science and Resarch Research Paper

Significant Advances in Nursing Science and Resarch - Research Paper Example Today, with the developments of technology among others, the field of nursing is increasingly being confronted to respond to the changing time by engaging in different aspects and field in order to effectively contribute to the entire health care system. Nursing research therefore, has developed deeper understanding into key areas such as the practice itself, education, informatics and on administration. Currently, lot of nursing researches center on how assessment of healthcare technologies should be done; examples would be providing a wider scope of clinical researches, service organization and nursing interventions. Despite the acknowledgement of nursing research in several aspects resulting to noteworthy improvements in their knowledge, still there is much work yet to be done, most especially in the area of research-based knowledge (Polit and Beck). Figure 1. A nurse and nursing research. (ill. by Nursing Jobs LLC, 2007 & Bernadette Lau, 2007) Importance of research science in nu rsing With the type of work nursing is involved, there is a rising need for nursing to embrace a practice that is evidence based or is referred to as evidence-based practice (EBP). ... be considered as best evidence are those that result from rigorous researches and studies; hence the compelling need for nurses and those in the nursing fled to continually engage in researches using effective and sound research methods (Polit and Beck). At the economic standpoint, the gripping needs to engage in continuous research and development in the area is also a reaction to the pressing need of making healthcare not only cost efficient and sustainable, but most importantly, it should be available to the broadest possible number of people. Healthcare is becoming more and more of a social concept nowadays as manifested in the health care planning schemes of many modern countries. The nursing profession, which constitutes a major bulk of the healthcare industry must see this relevance and should start restructuring how it caters to the consumers, to insurance agencies, to government agencies and other parties involved. The goal of continued research would undoubtedly identify an d eliminate any unnecessary practice that do not promote cost-efficient healthcare – in short, best evidence practices. For example, in Europe health care concerns centers on the ageing population, the need to have patients to be discharged earlier in hospitals, the commonness of chronic disease, and highlighting the rise of the need of informal health caregivers – these factors spelled the need for a multi-disciplinary nature of nursing. Since nurses remained to have a significant chunk of the group providing health care, they are largely accountable for quality care giving condition – however, it is admitted (in the case of Europe) that research culture in the area of both nursing and care giving. There are only a number of countries in Europe that have made efforts in enhancing

Central problems with MAINSTREAM ECONOMICS Essay

Central problems with MAINSTREAM ECONOMICS - Essay Example There are various assumptions that are related to mainstream economics. One of them is the rational choice theory where individuals continually seek for the most cost effective means of achieving their desired goals with less reflection on the worthiness of the desired goal. The basic idea in here is individuals trying to maximize their benefits while at the same time reducing their costs. People decide on how they ought to act by making comparison of the resulting costs and benefits of their courses of action. Thus, the society in question develops a pattern of behavior in relation to these choices made. Another assumption is that of the representative agent. This refers to atypical decision maker of a given type for instance the typical firm or consumer. The notion behind this is that it is much easier to consider one typical decision maker rather than analyzing many of these different decisions (Nadeau 2009). However, economists ignore the representative agent when the differences occurring between individuals are central to the arising central point. The other assumption is that of rational expectation where the prediction of the future made by an agent of all economically relevant variables are not systematically wrong and the fact that all errors made are random. This shows that the expectations of the agents are the true statistical expected values. Much of the modeling of this modern economics explores the notion that other complicating factors have on various models. Here, individuals are viewed as units with a similar goal, which they are capable of maximizing through their rational behavior. The only difference arises in the specific objective geared towards maximization where individuals tend to maximize on their utility and firms tend to maximize on profits. There also exists a difference in the process of maximization

Milgram’s experiment Essay Example for Free

Milgram’s experiment Essay Milgram’s experiment provided a logical answer to these questions: ‘is it possible that people will do things because they are merely obeying the orders of a person in authority or ‘what will motivate a decent person to do unethical acts? ’ The answer to these questions was very important during his time. During the World War II over 5 Million Jews were executed by the National Socialist Regime led by Adolf Hitler. Stanley Milgram, a Yale University Psychologist, theorized that it is very much possible that Adolf Eichmann executed these people because he was merely blindly obeying the orders of a superior authority. This means that he was not a principal in the crime but a mere accomplice. This also means that the execution may have been done against his will. Thus, he set up his experiment to test and determine how much pain an ordinary citizen is willing to inflict on another person simply because he was ordered to do so by a scientist, an authority figure. The result is that 60% to 65% of the participants were prepared to inflict fatal voltages against another person in obedience to the scientist’s order. In Milgram’s experiment, the authority figure represented the scientist. In our lives, a person in authority could be our parents, our professors, our boss in the office, the local policeman, the local priest, a fraternity or sorority senior, or any person in whom trust and respect is reposed. We consider a person to have authority over us because of their age, relationship, position, designation and even skill. I believe one reason why people obey a person in authority even if the latter’s order is against morality is because one thinks that by obeying a person in authority he no longer becomes the doer of the action but simply the agent. (â€Å"Milgram Experiment†) If he has done something wrong then he is not to be blamed. Thus, he rationalizes that any and all moral and legal responsibility for such action should not fall upon him and instead the responsibility should fall upon the shoulders of the person in authority. Another plausible reason why a person simply obeys a person in authority even if the deed is contrary to his sense of morality is moral ignorance. (â€Å"Milgram Experiment†) It is possible that the doer may not know what to do in such a situation as a result his only course of action would be to follow the commands of a person in authority. He may be unaware that there are better options. When people do not know what to do and how to act in a particular situation as a result we allow other person to make decisions for us whom we trust and respect to be capable of making the right decisions. II. I think children are socialized to obey authority figures primarily because the parents as the first authority figure were raised in the same culture and environment. As part of their socialization process, their own parents raised them in the similar manner where respect for authority figures was emphasized. Thus, they bring family culture and environment to their own families. Also, I think the parents, as the first authority figures in the child’s life want their children to obey them as they have obeyed their own parents. As part of the discipline process, parents want their children to give respect to them and to follow their wishes and instructions so that it will be easier for them to impose discipline on their own children. Further, from the perspective conforming to the social rules, the parents because of their vast experiences have learned how important it is for one member of the society to obey simple rules e. g. traffic rules, penal laws, company policies. They have also learned that there are times when there are rewards for obeying authority figure or the mere fact that one does not get into trouble is a reward in itself. As a result they want to pass on to their children that obedience and conformity is a social norm which everybody has to accept so that there will be order and harmony within the society. Thus, it is stated that conformity to social rules is so important that all its members must be inducted to into its moral norms, attitudes, values, motives, social roles, language and symbols because it is the only means by which social and cultural continuity are attained.

The Greatest Wealth Is Health

The Greatest Wealth Is Health The greatest wealth is Health. The public nowadays are more concern about their health because health can be consider as an asset for a person. A good health is foundation of better future for a person or a family. In present modern era of technology, public are more educated and knowledgeable. With the easily accessibility of information from the internet, it also helps the public to gain the extra knowledge easily. Thus, there are more aware on their personal health status compare to those days. 14th of November is the World Diabetic day that celebrates worldwide. In authors working hospital there is a plan to organize health screening for community. The purpose of organizing this Diabetic awareness campaign is to highlight the importance of education to protect future health of community and prevent the serious health consequences due to diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease that emerging global epidemic. The rapid increase in people with diabetes is due to increasing overeating, obesity, and physically inactivity. Diabetes can be due to the pancreas does not producing enough insulin, or the inability to use the insulin that is produced by pancreas effectively and this leads to high concentration of glucose in the blood. There are three type of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is due to lack of insulin production and type 2 diabetes is due to body unable to produce insulin that needed effectively. Third, gestational diabetes is due to hyperglycemia that is first recognized during pregnancy in a pregnant mother who never had diabetic before. Type 2 diabetes is most common on and usually affects adults. There is a report from WHO (2006), said that type 2 diabetes in children is very rare previously, but it have increased worldwide recently for the newly diagnose cases in children and adolescents. People may live with diabetes for yea rs but diabetes is a metabolic disease that affects the multiple organs such as cardiovascular, kidney, retina and nerve damage. According to World Health Organization (WHO) 2012 statistic reported one in six adults is obese, one in ten for diabetic and one in three has high blood pressure. It was stated in New Straits Times (30 April 2012), Malaysia has one of the worlds highest number of diabetes cases among its population with 2.6 million registered patients. Lack of awareness about diabetes can lead to complication such as blindness, amputation, and kidney failure. The author as a team leader of this Diabetes Awareness campaign is responsible to identify team members to participate in the activities. As when we share a common direction or sense of community, we can get there more quickly and easily as everyone had take part and share the burden and not one-man show to complete everything. As a very familial quote that we always heard The whole is greater than sum of parts. So, effective building is very important to make this Diabetic Awareness campaign work successfully. 2. The Key Component of Effective Team Building Team building is a philosophy of job design in which employees are viewed as a team member instead of as individual worker. It is also means that the selection of a group of peoples with the mix skills that had similar interest to work together for a common objectives. Working together without bringing the personal feeling or interest into the teams, it helps to build synergy between its members. As a result, the work, at hand, gets efficiently done. A team cannot perform well when there are team members who do not focus or are serious about their responsibility of their duty, so the key component of effective team building is very important to achieve the goals and objectives that had been set. According to Rahim, Lim, Madya (2011), with the active participation of each of its member, the objectives of the group are accomplishes by the name of the great team. Besides that, the trust and support one another and respect one anothers individual from a team member also is important. Th ere are six key components of effective teams. a. Clearly state team purpose Team purpose, goals and target is very important information for the team members. Because the team members need to know what is their accomplishment in a team. The purpose, goal and target of a team can defined as the essence of the team also. The team purpose needs to include measurable goals, and the operating guideline. When the team members know the purpose, goal and target of the team clearly, it helps team member have a mindset to accomplish their task. Besides that, it also helps the team member to create a dynamic plan to fill the gaps to achieve the purpose, goal and targets of the team. According to Rhodes (2006), when the team members has a clear understanding on the team purpose and the role they play will achieve a better results. And the team highly focus team is a team which have a clear purpose, vision and clear ways of working. b. Team composition Team composition is a group of people that who will ultimate and be responsible for implementing a project. And it also involved in designing and monitoring it. Having the right team members is an essential component of all team building. Another key principle is having team members that have different skills, knowledge and experiences. Because it will generally leads to more creative and flexible in the project. Besides that, the team members can combined and share their individual knowledge on the specific issues that are needed in the project to complete the task. The purpose is to make use of the existing skills and experience to ensure the project moves forward with the best available knowledge. Every team member needs to be selected because of what it is that they are able to bring to the team. Thus, team members should be chosen based on what it is the need from them and their skills. Favoritism is not encouraged. c. Effective communication Communication is the exchange of ideas and information from one person to another that involve a speaker and a listener. It involved a sender transmitting an idea, information, or feeling to a receiver. Communication can be verbal and non-verbal and written. Verbal communication is like words, speech, chatting and so on. Nonverbal communication is like body posture, eye contact, facial expression, appearances and so on. All the team members are from different families and brought up differently. The team members have different cultures. Misunderstanding may occur. So, an effective communication is needed to reduce the misunderstanding among the team members. Another communication is written communication, is like newsletters, status reports, meetings, emails, letter, memo, forum and any other collaboration tools. This can be using to communicate among the team members and update the latest information especially if the interval between the next meeting and the present meeting too lon g. An effective and consistent communication is the most important trait of a successful team. Communication need to be clear while communicating to make sure a clear directive to team members. None of the other traits can occur without communication as information cannot be cascaded to and from the team leader and the team members. Thus, communication is very important to form an effective team. d. Active participation In an ineffective group, we will see some members do not perform fully up to expectations; some are too self-centered; some are too sensitive and temperamental; some are burned out; and some are just cannot get along with others. So, the team leader hold an important role to ensure all the team members participate and contribute to the team in achieving the goal and objective of the team. Brainstorming is usually used for solving the problem. Brainstorming is best when people feel free to present their ideas without the fear of the brunt of organizational politics or being judged, and also when there are no inhibitions. Brainstorming can be one of the most creative methods of solving any problem as it will make people think out of the box. According to a study Psychological Effects of Brainstorming by Pronin, Jacobs Wegner (2008),Velagapudi (2012) , the effects of thought speed on mood are partially rooted in the subjective experience of thought speed. This will results in joy-enhan cing effects of fast thinking. This will create a positive or conducive of environment for team members also. e. Active plan Active plan is one of the effective key components in effective team. The active plan is made and agreed upon by the team members. Hence, the team members have the same goal and same direction to accomplish the task. Besides that, it also includes feedback from the team members especially when making the team decisions. f. Ongoing assessment and evaluation This is a process that will be consistently running to assess the progress of the team. And this is to make sure the progress still within the direction of the goal. Besides that, the excellent staff will be awarded such as put in the credit in the appraisal. Certificate or souvenir can be given as a token of appreciation at the end of the project. While there is the failure during the ongoing progress, special coaching will be given to guide and to overcome the weakness. 3. The Author utilized the key components of effective team building for the Diabetic Awareness Campaign as below: a. Clear state team purpose A clear team purpose and goal need to be developed as this can work wonders for organization development. Goals and plans provide a sense of direction that focus on the specific target and direct the team members towards important outcomes. Besides that, the goal that set need to be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time bound. For example, the specific goal is organize a Diabetic awareness campaign to create the awareness for the community on the diabetic health care to the hospital area. The goal is measurable as it will be held on 17th of November this year in author working hospital main lobby and the estimated participants will be 200 persons from 9a.m until 12 midday. The goal is achievable as the author and other team members will print notices and send to the residents who stay nearby to inform them about this activity. The goal is realistic as the team members have various skills and knowledge to accomplish the objective. The author and other team members will book and check all instruments a day before the exact day. b. Team composition It is important to determine the team member in the team. The selection is according to the team projects and not nepotism. Because it involves how the team members work to achieve the team goal with using their knowledge and their skills. For example, in this Diabetic Awareness campaign, author require the health educator, diabetic nurse for giving the health education, dietitian for diet advice, physiotherapist teaching the exercise, 8 staff nurses for checking the blood glucose and blood pressure. And 4 assistance nurses are needed for the taking participants abdominal girth, weight and height of the participants, 4 ward aides to usher and to register the participants. And author has 4 team members to standby and to take over the staffs when they need to have a short rest while the campaign is on. c. Effective communication Communication can be considered as a most important factor in successful teamwork. Without communication, nothing can be done. Besides that, thrust is develops through frequent and meaningful interaction and communication. According to Henmen (2011), healthy teamwork depends on the ability of the participants to give accurate feedback to each other, even when the feedback is negative. The negative feedback is like when a team member suggests buying the extra glucometer for the poor family, although the idea is good but due to the budget constraint, this will be a negative feedback. There are five tips to make the effective communication. First, during the communication, the languages that uses need to be clear and concise. Second, the information to be delivered need to be complete. To avoid missing important information all the information can be written down on the paper. Third, the communication needs to be in conversational tone because it invites interaction and if in confrontat ion tone, it invites argument. Forth, to make sure the voice and the words is clear so that messages can pass correctly. Fifth, always considerate of other team members feeling and pinpoint the issues and not the person. d. Active participation Encouraging the team members to be active in participation in discussion or brain storming is one of the team leaders tasks. As a team leader, author gives encouragement and motivation in participation of the team members. Recognition will be given to those who had outstanding performance on the task assigned. For example, give a word of well done and give recognition in front all the team members. And also will give recognition for those who have consistency on their task and have the responsibilities and commitment on the task given. Author also will give recognition for the team member who works hard to increase their performance and demonstrate progress. Because as a human being, people feel pride in their works and also care about what the superiors and peers think of their accomplishments. Author also will respects and empower the team member on their task. When the team member is empowered, they feel the ownership of the assigned task and will try their best to perform well. B esides that, it creates a greater sense of responsibility among team members. And the team members will feel enthusiastic in performing the task too. Next, is to trust the team members ability on handling the task that had assigned to them. Thrust is the strong force that binds the atoms of the team. (Preston,2005). e. Active plan During the meeting, open discussion in English or Bahasa Malaysia will be used to prevent misunderstanding. The team goal identified in the earlier part will be the priority. For example, the discussion on the goal or problems can include brainstorming for solution. The team members will understand each individual task. During discussion, the team member can have better coordination of individual skills and able to share their responsibilities also. Follow up session will be made for those who fail or have problem Sometimes, there will have some disagreement in the team because not all peoples have the same ideas and thinking. At this time, looking at the priority of the tasks and the consensus among the team member is important in making the decision of a task. Open debate will be using to rule out the pros and cons of the related issue. Besides that, democratic leadership will be used. Decision must be agreeable by the majority. As a team leader, the author will schedule meetings when everyone will attend. Besides that, author also will plan the dates of meetings and team member will be informed. The meetings will be held once a week. This is to reduce the risk of the team member not able to attend meetings. The attendance of team members is important especially while making the team decision. A mechanism also will develop to inform the meeting minutes and decisions especially for those team member that are unable to attend such as email, hard copy and so on. This is to make sure every team members has the chance in the consensus of making the decision for the team. f. Ongoing assessment and evaluation The works of the team member need to be assessed. This is to ensure team members are in the right track, not slow in progress and not meeting difficulties. The team members are also advised to give feedback on the task or difficulties they have met. Besides that, gathering the feedback is also important because the feedback may help to improve the job. If there is a failure, an audit team needs to come in to do the assessment to rule the failure. At the end of the campaign, the entire team member will need to do an evaluation for program. Author will take this opportunity to acknowledge the team member that had done well on their work. And also will discuss on the skills that could be improved. Besides that, to assess on the job satisfaction on the team members to make a plan that author could be improve in effective team building. 4. Conclusion As a conclusion, in high-performance team, the team members are co-operatives rather than competitive. The team member are supporting one another and work towards with hand in hand to reach the common goal rather than being divisive. Thus, the six key components are very essential to form effective teams and get the outcome as plan. (2802 words)

Explain How Rational Organisational Design Business Essay

Explain How Rational Organisational Design Business Essay Rational organisational designs, suggested by Max Weber, rely on logic, order and authority, paying particular attention to the division of labour, promotion by merit and hierarchal control; with the belief that this provides perfection in organisations (French et al, 2009). Organisations implement this design with the optimism of increased efficiency; however, have dismissed social organisation and the impacts this can have. In this essay, rationalisation will be discussed, focusing on the effects it has on an organisation and its employees; concluding with the argument of whether a rational organisational design is desirable for Junction Hotel. Scientific management, established by Frederick Taylor, aims to simplify work by following set principles. These principles routinize work; organising it into repetitive tasks in order to achieve maximum efficiency, giving managers responsibility and a span of control, (Morgan, 2006). TAYLORISM Rational organisational designs develop depending on the size of the business they are used with in. The simple design is often used within organisations with few staff, such as small retail stores. This type of design often has one member of staff, usually the manager, in control of the majority of other employees; the hierarchy design resembling a pyramid, showing the manager has a large span of control. This span of control shifts all responsibility for the organisation of work from the worker to the manager according to Morgan (2006), meaning employees only have to implement the work which is assigned to them by the manager. BUREAUCARCY As a business grows a more complex rational organisational design has to be enforced to ensure that efficiency is still maximised. The more intricate design is known as bureaucracy. The bureaucracy design uses the same principle of the simple design, although has a larger number of managerial staff and specific working departments, developing the chain of command. Bureaucracy design uses more rules and regulations than the simple design, due to the increased number of employees which have authority over other employees. This is so that there is a clear direction of discipline, resulting in all employees knowing who is in charge. This direction is the scalar chain; showing the line of authority due to the unity of command. Also it makes clear what each worker has to achieve, due to it being established by the specific departments. This also means that training for this specific job can be completed by workers, making them more efficient. This is of importance to rational organisations ; for instance, the McDonaldization theory established by Ritzer (2008) states that efficient workers can perform their tasks more rapidly and easily. This is also achieved in bureaucracies by working like clockwork; having staff perform a predetermined set of activities, rest at appointed hours, and then resume their tasks until work is over, as described by Morgan (2006). This is a typical example of how bureaucracies are designed to function. Businesses which have these design characteristics are described by Morgan (2006) as organisations that are designed and operated as if they were machines. It is argued that rational organisational designs help to cut costs and increase control for a business, overall maximising efficiency and having a positive impact on the business; evidenced by various real-life organisations. A typical example of a business today which has used a rational organisational design to achieve this is McDonalds. Ritzer (2008) helps to highlight the effectiveness of the organisational design McDonalds has implemented by quoting Ray Krocs thoughts on the arrangement; I was fascinated by the simplicity and effectiveness of the systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Each step in producing the limited menu was stripped down to its essence and accomplished with a minimum effortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This statement from Kroc identifies that McDonalds streamlined processes and organisation has maximised efficiency. By producing limited number of menu choices the business is able to assign set tasks to specified departments, to be completed at a set time; routinizing work. This increases control as the higher authority staff can over-see that the departments are completing their set tasks to ensure the food is made quickly and efficiently in order for customers to receive fast food from McDonalds. Also, by off ering a limited menu, McDonalds cuts costs and as suggested by Ritzer (2008) the limited number of menu items also allows for highly efficient ordering of food and supplies; the business does not use cash buying items which will be wasted due to fall in demand from customers and there is no extension of the streamlined process meaning the employment of further staff or purchase of equipment or supplies. Hotels such as the Travelodge have used rationalisation, in terms of value engineering. Davis (2007) states that businesses, such as the Travelodge, participate in an exercise called value management to optimise their process, trim costs and enhance quality. Value engineering is a result of this activity; where businesses cut costs by taking out the frills which not all customers want. For instance Davis (2007) focuses on how Travelodges dont have shampoo in the bathroom. By following this constituent of rationalisation, the organisation cuts costs, however does not necessarily reduce value for the customer as the business, like Travelodge, will have already weighed up cost versus benefit. The above examples show how rational organisational design is present in businesses today. However, it was first derived in the 1700s by Frederick the Great. Morgan (2006) talks about how Frederick developed rational organisation to increase control amongst his military. Frederick reduced soldiers to automatons by introducing ranks and uniformsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦regulations, increased specialization of tasksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦command language and systematic trainingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ By introducing these to the army, the men were taught to fear their officers; increasing the control that the higher ranks of the hierarchy had over the lower ranks. This turned the unruly mob into machines as they now completed commands set by Frederick. This is an example of how rationalisation has increased control, even in the earliest organisations. Despite rational organisational designs evidentially showing positives for businesses, there are likewise negative impacts on both the organisation and workers. If a business implements a rational organisation design then limitations do arise. These are addressed by Morgan (2006); there is great difficulty in adapting to changing circumstances, Ritzer (2008) states that although efficiency is generally a good thing it does cause dehumanization of workers as businesses drive for increased efficiency. This is evidenced an Anonymous BBC article (2010) stating that Bureaucracy hampers social workers', with a fifth of 4,141 social workers agreeing that they had sufficient time to work effectively with the young people on their case load and 50% of those who disagreed said that their workload was simply too large. This is related to the bureaucracy that the organisation has. Staff find it harderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to spend time face-to-face with children and families due to the organisational design. This makes the workers feel dehumanized because they have too much paperwork, and not enough time to concentrate on the cases they should be dealing with. This is also supported by Morgan (2006) who states that mechanistic approachesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦can have dehumanizing effects upon employees, especially those at the lower levels of the or ganizational hierarchy and also that assembly-line work is simplyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦alienating. Mechanistic work, which stems from rational organisation also makes staff adopt mindless, unquestioning attitudes, which consequently results in some workers refusing job change, or a new responsibility because they have already a clear idea what is to be done by them due to the management and delegation rationalisation. Looking at this impact in the long term, it is likely that an organisation will find it difficult to change the bureaucracy it has already developed, causing changes in aims for the business also hard to achieve. This is another limitation of rational designs, which is suggested by Morgan (2006) when declaring those working in the organization take precedence over the goals the organization was designed to achieve. The theories and studies behind social organisation also show some negative impacts that rationalisation has. POSTIVE AND NEGATIVES ON BUSINESS/EMPLOYEES ARGUMENT USING SOCIAL DESIGNS IS IT DESIRABLE FOR JUNCTION HOTEL HOW? WHY? ENFORCING IT?

Use of Tone to Create Mood in D.H. Lawrences The Rocking-Horse Winner

D. H. Lawrence uses tone to create a mood in his short story "The Rocking-Horse Winner." His ability to create tone allows us to understand the characters of the story, and enables us to actually feel as if we are in the story by creating such a vivid mood. Lawrence uses the eyes of the main character, Paul, to show how he feels about the events taking place, and this in turn helps the reader empathize with the boy and understand the story. Lawrence also establishes a theme by allowing the audience to feel his story. He creates a mood that is conducive to the story and allows the reader to experience what is going on inside the house. Through the use of tone and mood Lawrence creates the theme, allowing the reader to realize that there are much more important things in life than money. Lawrence uses the emotions of the main character of the story, Paul, to help the reader understand the child's mood. He uses Paul's eyes to help give the reader a feel for his disposition when different events in the story take place. The story begins with Paul receiving a rocking-horse for Christmas. The child becomes interested in horse races, and the gardener helps him to place a bet on one of the races. The child wins the bet and becomes very focused on betting at every race. When Paul realizes how much money that he is making with these bets, he soon becomes obsessed with not just horse racing, but the money that he brings in. The reason for this obsession stems from the feeling that there is never enough money in the house. Paul soon turns ill from the stress that he places on himself to win more money for his mother. A few days before Derby, a very important race that Paul has bet on, he is found rocking violen... ...ster, you're eighty thousand to the good, and a poor devil of a son to the bad. But, poor devil, poor devil, he's best gone out of a life where he rides his rocking-horse to find a winner" (Lawrence, 980). In this final sentence Lawrence conveys the idea that the mother has gained much money, but has lost her son. Within this sentence he also states that the son is better off dead than in this household where money is of greater importance than the ideals a family should display. Works Cited Juan, Jr., E. San. "Theme Versus Imitation: D.H. Lawrence's "The Rocking-Horse Winner"." The D.H. Lawrence Review. 136-140. Lawrence, D. H. "The Rocking-Horse Winner." The Tales of D.H. Lawrence. London: Martin Secker, 1934. 967-980. Martin, W.R. "Fancy or Imagination? "The Rocking Horse-Winner"." College English. 64-65.

How Well Did The English Exchequer Function In The Twelfth Century? :: essays research papers

How Well Did the English Exchequer Function in the Twelfth Century? The English exchequer was the central board responsible for all in comings and out goings into the royal treasury. It arrived with the Normans and was the first system of centralized revenue extraction to appear that although crude was a direct predecessor to the modern one. The information on how the Exchequer functioned as a method of institutionalised revenue extraction is from the `The course of the Exchequer' written by Richard son of Nigel. The text provides a one sided argument into the merits of the Exchequer as Richard himself is the treasurer. The text is written in a typically classical dialogue style with a `master' dictating to his `scholar'. Richard also presents himself as a well educated and intelligent man through his grasp of Latin and his quotations from Biblical and classical texts as well as alluding to philosophy through his talk of logic. The interesting proposition therefore is who was interested in such a complicated text and why was it produced. The system of the Exchequer was a complex one that would have been understood by few at the time. By attempting to describe this system in a way that presents it as equitable, it could have convinced the Barons and others paying taxes of the validity and fairness of a system of which they would have had little comprehension. This would also be helped by Richards apparently good grasp of the area. The Exchequer board was the highest office that could be obtained in the royal circle and was the most powerful and prestigious as it presided over all financial matters. It allowed records to be formed and general standards to be maintained. The ultimate power of the exchequer is aptly put in the text..." where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. ² The Exchequer had a greater role than just recording revenue as it provided a forum where judgments could be made and disputes about financial matters could be settled. It also saw commands depersonalized through the use of writs which can be described as the Å’routinization of charisma' (Clanchy, 1979). The King no longer had to have any direct influence over a command and some form of general standard could be applied. In command of the Exchequer was the Kings Chief Justiciar who was effectively second in command from the King. He presided over the whole board and was the only one besides the king himself who could reverse decisions once they had been made. Any writs from the treasury for payment and expenditure had How Well Did The English Exchequer Function In The Twelfth Century? :: essays research papers How Well Did the English Exchequer Function in the Twelfth Century? The English exchequer was the central board responsible for all in comings and out goings into the royal treasury. It arrived with the Normans and was the first system of centralized revenue extraction to appear that although crude was a direct predecessor to the modern one. The information on how the Exchequer functioned as a method of institutionalised revenue extraction is from the `The course of the Exchequer' written by Richard son of Nigel. The text provides a one sided argument into the merits of the Exchequer as Richard himself is the treasurer. The text is written in a typically classical dialogue style with a `master' dictating to his `scholar'. Richard also presents himself as a well educated and intelligent man through his grasp of Latin and his quotations from Biblical and classical texts as well as alluding to philosophy through his talk of logic. The interesting proposition therefore is who was interested in such a complicated text and why was it produced. The system of the Exchequer was a complex one that would have been understood by few at the time. By attempting to describe this system in a way that presents it as equitable, it could have convinced the Barons and others paying taxes of the validity and fairness of a system of which they would have had little comprehension. This would also be helped by Richards apparently good grasp of the area. The Exchequer board was the highest office that could be obtained in the royal circle and was the most powerful and prestigious as it presided over all financial matters. It allowed records to be formed and general standards to be maintained. The ultimate power of the exchequer is aptly put in the text..." where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. ² The Exchequer had a greater role than just recording revenue as it provided a forum where judgments could be made and disputes about financial matters could be settled. It also saw commands depersonalized through the use of writs which can be described as the Å’routinization of charisma' (Clanchy, 1979). The King no longer had to have any direct influence over a command and some form of general standard could be applied. In command of the Exchequer was the Kings Chief Justiciar who was effectively second in command from the King. He presided over the whole board and was the only one besides the king himself who could reverse decisions once they had been made. Any writs from the treasury for payment and expenditure had

Paraplegia Essay Essay

Abstract Approximately 11,000 spinal cord injuries involving Paraplegia are reported in the United States yearly. These injuries occur as a result of automobile and motorcycle accidents, falls, sporting accidents, and gunshot wounds; although, it is also caused by congenital conditions. When the spinal nerve signals below the level of the injury is partially cut off from the brain, this results in Paraplegia disability. This is an impairment of motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. The most affected areas of the spinal canal by Paraplegia are related directly either with the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions. Spinal Cord injuries are medical emergencies. Immediate treatment can reduce long-term effects. There are several effective techniques that can help minimize the impact of these injuries and could help paraplegic patients regain some movement of the joints, muscles, and extremities. These techniques extent and are not limited to: manual therapy, physical therapy, sport medicine rehabilitation, exercise training, technological stimulation, neurological studies, and emotional support. All these therapies along with the proper professional intervention can help paraplegic patients get back some sense of support that could lead to their future independency and self worthiness. PARAPLEGIA When a person suffers a spinal cord injury most of the neurological information travels from the spinal nerves below the level of injury all the way to the brain. Somehow these spinal nerves stop sending signals to the brain partially cutting off its main function resulting in Paraplegia. There are many levels of Paraplegia that depend on the severity of the injury which permanently damages the spinal cord. There are several effective techniques and practices that have successfully helped with the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients. Some of these techniques extent from manual therapies such as stretching and flexibility exercise, swimming, and the usage of the most innovative technological development today. These therapies help managing the Paraplegia disability and stop the probability from worsen and acquiring complications to the disease. Therefore, offering new hope and a sense of emotional support to paraplegic patients. â€Å"If you are an underdog, mentally disabled, phys ically disabled, if you do not fit  in, if you are not as pretty as the others, you can still be a hero.† (Guttenberg, 2012). Managing Paraplegia is not an easy task. The disability itself is very breath taking but the people that suffer the disease manage the strength to endure and confront it. Some of the most endurance trainings are physical deteriorating. 1. Stretching and Flexibility exercises are the two most important techniques used to treat paraplegia at the present time. Stretching can reduce muscle spasticity and is good to improve flexibility. These exercises also help to reduce other related health problems such as Tendonitis and Bursitis. Manual therapy is the hands-on approach that differentiates Physical Therapists from other health practitioners. This practice should be the prime and backbone of any treatment plan because it reeducates the body into its proper movement and mechanics, and helps tremendously in the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients. â€Å"There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle.† (Einstein). Since most of the Paraplegia cases are rarely known to be overcome, it is only fair to say that some of the emotional stages these patients get to be at lets them acquire some grade of optimism to keep on and have faith that their miracle may come at any time. â€Å"Limitations only go so far.† (Hensel). The psychological toll paraplegic patients go through is very high, but this does not stops them from making their dreams come true and keep competing in the sports they like the most. For example the paratriathlete, John McLean, who became the first person in a wheelchair to complete the Ironman World Championship and swim the English Channel in 1995 and 1998. 2. Swimming and aquatic exercises provide optimal conditions for paraplegic patients. The water eliminates the effects of gravity allowing weakened limbs to attain a greater range of motion. It also helps to support the body so there is less stress on the hips, knees, and spine. Exercises in the water increase muscle power and endurance which help mobilize joints and muscles. Therefore, swimming is definitely a good sport to practice that stimulates the health and wellbeing of people suffering from Paraplegia. â€Å"Being disabled should not mean being disqualified from having access to every aspect of life.† (Thompson). Paraplegics should have access to the developmental progress currently happening in the field. Although, everybody does not have the same capability of reaching new  technology doctors should implement it for the well being of their patients. 3. Innovative new technological therapies offer new hope for Paraplegia disability. For example: The spinal electric stimulation helps patients to temporarily regain muscle control in their legs, feet, toes, ankles, and knees. The ultrasound therapy also helps generate heat deep in the body that makes it easier to loosen up tissues in the preparation of manual therapy. Last but not least, another alternative to treat Paraplegia is the Ware K. Tremor therapy which uses special assisted facilities and equipment made specifically to manipulate the human neurological and nervous systems. This therapy helps paraplegic patients intensify their sensitivity and environmental stimulation. â€Å"Handicaps are really to be used another way to benefit yourself and others.† (Wonder). This type of technology has improved the life of many paraplegic patients. Improving their style of life through technological advances can be a tool they can use to help re-establish their lives in many ways. Although, is a great road ahead more and new researches are being done in order to help paraplegic patients manage the disease. For example in Kentucky for the first time in history and with the usage of a neurostimulator four young men who were paralyzed for several years were able to move their legs again. This progress was obtained through the usage of the electrical epidural stimulation of the spinal cord. This technology has helped and has given a new light at the end of tunnel and a new resource in the battle of this terrible condition. Conclusion Scientists are currently using all the available resources in order to fight and possibly cure Paraplegia. It is a big ordeal considering all the factors that contribute to the level of injury each patient has. The amount of time this impairment takes in order to be handled has a big impact in the emotional well being of each individual. All the different kind of therapies offered to the patients has its pros and cons, but some risks must be taken in order to be able to obtain positive results. The life expectancy for patients with Paraplegia is lower than normal people. Fortunately, during the past several years the survival rate has increased. The truth is that some paraplegic patients will be able to see some kind of improvement along the road, others will still be fighting the disease hoping  that new technology or cure can be created in order to save their lives. â€Å"I thank God for my handicaps, for, through them, I have found myself, my work, and my God.† (Keller). It is only fair to acknowledge that the disease itself, the recuperation process, and the rehabilitation progress take so much strength not only from the patients, but also from each and one of every family member that is involved. The disease takes its own style of life that creates a sense of compassion that should be present in every human being in order to help fight this terrible disease. References Laming, Rebecca and Wolpert, Stuart (2014). â€Å"Breakthrough therapy allows four paraplegic men to voluntary move their leg.† Health and medicine Newsroom, UCLA Health. Kentucky: The Oxford University Press. Website: http://www.uclahealth.org URL: http://www.uclahealth.org/body.cfm?id=561&action=detail&ref=2412 Lindberg, Donald A.B., MedlinePlus (2014). â€Å"Paralysis also called Hemiplegia, Palsy, Paraplegia, Quadriplegia.† U.S. National Library of Medicine, and NIH: National Institutes of Health. Maryland: U.S. National Library of Medicine Publisher. Website: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/paralysis.html Website source: www.lirn.net/titles / www.lirnmuseglobal.com/muse/servlet/MusePeer Lindberg, Donald A.B., MedlinePlus (2014). â€Å"Spinal Cord Injuries.† U.S. National Library of Medicine, and NIH: National Institutes of Health. Maryland: U.S. National Library of Medicine Publisher. Website: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcordinjuries.html Website source: www.lirn.net/titles / www.lirnmuseglobal.com/muse/servlet/MusePeer MMD Newswire (2012). â€Å"Ware K (TM) Tremor Therapy exploits the vital role (TM) plays in our health and wellbeing.† Georgia: Mass Media Distribution LLC. Publishing. Website: http://www.mmdnewswire.com URL: http://www.mmdnewswire.com/ware-k-tremor-therapy-chaos-health-1106086.html O’donnell, Leslie (2009). â€Å"Inspiration quotes for the disabled and those who raise them.† Examiner.com. New York: AXS Digital Group LLC. Publishing. Website: www.examiner.com URL: www.examiner.com/article/inspiration-quotes-for-the-disabled-and-those-who-raise-them Guttenberg, Steve (2012) Newest Edition. Bookâ€Å"The Guttenberg bible: A memoir.† Volume I, Chapter I, P36. Texas: Thomas Dunn Books Publisher. Website: www.goodreads.com URL: http://u.s.macmillan.com/theguttenbergbible/SteveGuttenberg Ozelie R, Sipple C, Foy T, et al (2009). SCIRehab Project Series: â€Å"The occupational therapy taxonomy.† J Spinal Cord Med 32 (3): 283-97. PMC 2718817. US: MIT Publishing Website: www.ncib.nlm.nih.gov URL: https://www.ncib.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718817

Alcoholism: Genetic or a Learned Behavior

Alcoholism: Genetic or Learned Behavior? First, before I could answer this question, I had to do a little research. Alcohol addiction is a physical dependence on alcohol which occurs gradually. Over time, drink too much alcohol changed the balance of chemicals in your brain associated with the pleasure aspects of drinking alcohol. Excessive, long-term drinking can affect the balance of these chemicals, causing your body to crave alcohol to restore good feelings or to avoid negative feelings. â€Å"Alcoholism was officially recognized as a disease by the American Medical Association in 1991†. ( http://www. earn-about-alcoholism. com/alcoholism-disease. html ). What causes alcoholism? Is alcoholism inherited from a parent or is alcoholism a learned behavior? I chose this subject because I have a cousin who is 21 and already and alcoholic. According to him, he has been drinking since he was 10, while it was only a gulp of beer when his dad’s back was turned; it was still a step towards his current condition. Now I wonder, is he an alcoholic because he inherited this trait genetically from his dad (whose dad was also an alcoholic), or is he an alcoholic because of the environment in which he was raised and influenced.According to NCADI (Fact is Alcoholism Runs in Family), reports show that children of alcoholics are four times more likely to grow up to be an alcoholic than any other children. Scientists agree that genetic anomalies were the primary causative factor in at least some forms of alcoholism. (http://www. neurogenesis. com/Articles-Library/Foundational-Studies/The-Alcoholic-Gene. php ). Now scientists have to determine what these genes are and whether they are specific for alcohol or define something more general, such as differences in temperament or personality that increase an individual’s vulnerability to alcoholism.There was a study done in Sweden that followed alcohol use in twins who were adopted as children and raised apart. T he study showed that alcoholism was slightly higher among those who were exposed to alcoholism only through adoptive families. However, it was dramatically higher among the twins whose biological fathers were alcoholics, regardless of the presence of alcoholism in their adoptive families. (http://alcoholism. about. com/cs/genetics/a/aa990517. htm) The studies also showed one twin doesn’t always become an alcoholic just because