Elizabeth Bowen s The Demon Lover - 880 Words

Some viewers see Elizabeth Bowen’s â€Å"The Demon Lover† as a ghost story. Robert L. Calder essay on â€Å"The Demon Lover† gives an explanation of the story: he sees it as an allegory representing a death of World War I and has had an effect on people a second war in their life. As Kathleen Drover came to the abandoned house, the narrator is quickly to remind that the dangerous destructive war had taken place. Outside, she sees â€Å"familiar street unused channel, an unfamiliar peculiarity had slited up† that are silent proof to the war driven her and her family from their home (Bowen). As Kathleen is looking and examining through the house for some cracks in the house, Mrs. Drover is reminded by the war that happened. Moving to the country they escaped the troubles of the war, but as she returns to London she is reminded by the destructive power. In this story World War II is the second war endured. Will her surroundings affect her? In â€Å"A More Sinister Troth: Elizabeth Bowens â€Å"The Demon Lover,† by Robert L. Calder the author says â€Å"It is a wartime document, then a diary entry of a woman’s response to yet another war that â€Å"Demon Lover† perhaps can most be understood† (93). As Robert says, Mrs. Drover lost her fiancà © in the war the Great War, Kathleen has moved on with her life. She has gotten married and had children, and her fiancà © has become a lost memory. Surrounded by soldiers in uniform and the of war, Kathleen is reminded of the war forcibly by coming back, Calder writes that sheShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Elizabeth Bowen s The Demon Lover 2451 Words   |  10 Pages Gogri 10 Elizabeth Bowen: The Writings of War Jay Gogri Sr. Marlene Mucha, S.S.J British Literature February 10, 2016 Elizabeth Bowen: The Writings of War What forces a person to write? It could be feelings, situations, or even experiences. Writers such as George Orwell and Sylvia Plath influenced the world with their writing. As a major writer in the Blitz era, Elizabeth Bowen wrote her experiences in the war. Using the atmosphere and the surroundings as a source of her writingRead MoreNew Historicist Study of Demon Lover Essay example654 Words   |  3 Pagesbrief view on The Demon Lover, from New Historicist point of view. The first step, represents three methodologies which are necessary in which unlocking the text according to New Historicism. The second step develops each methodology with reference to the text of the work and depicts different views in this regard. Since New Historicists view an aesthetic work as a social production, a texts meaning resides for them in the cultural system, composed of the Demon Lover from New HistoricistRead MoreThe Demon Lover By Elizabeth Bowen1383 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerns, and streams of consciousness. â€Å"The Demon Lover† by Elizabeth Bowen, â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night† by Dylan Thomas and â€Å"The Naming of Cats† by T.S. Eliot all embody these values in some way. The Modernism period gave authors a more open approach to express psychological feelings and also gave the reader the chance to criticize warfare while also being able to praise individual growth.   Ã‚  Ã‚   First, â€Å"The Demon Lover† by Elizabeth Bowen embodies the Modernist values psychology/scienceRead MoreThe Demon Lover By Elizabeth Bowen894 Words   |  4 PagesWritten by Elizabeth Bowen, â€Å"The Demon Lover† was First published in The Listener in 1941, and reprinted in The Demon Lover and Other Stories in 1945 , â€Å"The Demon Lover† is typically initiated as a clever tale of witchcraft possession. The story takes place in the in the middle of World War I and II, when the main protagonist Kathleen Drover returns to her house in London to pick up some things after her family moved due to the bombing from the war. â€Å"The Demon Lover† is a tale of one woman s introspective

Persuasion Is The Act Of Changing Individuals - 1357 Words

Persuasion is the act of changing individuals’ attitudes or behaviours; this is all around us in everyday life especially in the media. Persuasion has shown to be effective however there are some attempts that fail, in this essay I will explain why persuasion doesn’t always work. The factors I will look at are reactance, counterarguing, avoidance, forewarning and attitude inoculation. Reactance theory can explain why some persuasion attempts fail. This suggests that a persistent attempt to persuade can actually backfire, because the individual feels that the persuasive message is directly threatening their personal freedom. This threat to their personal freedom will often produce a defiant response which is called the boomerang effect. The individual reacts against the intended message and takes on a totally different attitude because they become irritated and their reaction is to go against the persuader, especially if the individual has strong pre-existing attitudes. There is research to support this by Rex A. Wright, Virginia Wadley, Maria Danner, and Priscilla Phillips. A sample of 21 female undergraduates were asked to make an independent assessment of the attractiveness of 2 men. In the experiment, they were or were not given an opinion statement that threatened their freedom, in conditions of either no pressure, mild pressure or high pressure. The results f ound that when participants’ freedom was not restricted, then there was a persuasion effect. However, when theShow MoreRelatedHow Does Persuasion Used Throughout History? Essay1512 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol, rewards, motivation, and persuasion. Our focus here is the use of persuasion. Persuasion, according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary (2016), is the act of causing people to do or believe something (pg. 1). This literature review considers the use of persuasion in the workplace by responding to the following questions. 1. How has persuasion been used throughout history? 2. Why do people fail to implement change in this changing world? 3. How have persuasion campaigns implemented change andRead MoreThe Power of Persuasion1336 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of Persuasion Thesis Statement: To inform my audience about the science and the power of persuasion. Introduction I. â€Å"If you would persuade, you must appeal to interest rather than intellect.† These are wise words spoken by Benjamin Franklin, whom we all know for his roles in American History as a writer, scientist and politician. II. In this quote, Benjamin Franklin speaks of how to persuade. But why would it be important to know how to persuade? III. I always have to askRead MoreThe Theories Of Attitude Change927 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as persuasive messages, cognitive dissonance, emotion (Petty et. al, 1984; Petty, Wegner, n.d; Hastings et al, 2004). Persuasion Persuasion is described as the â€Å"presentation† of persuasive material (Petty Cacioppo, 1984). In order to understand persuasion influences on attitude change, analyzing the cognitive process is essential. This cognitive process of persuasion can be studied through the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), which is a model that discusses ways in which persuasive materialsRead MoreAre the Precepts of the IBM Training Program Consistent with the Concepts in This Chapter? Why or Why Not?859 Words   |  4 Pagescapacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes† (p.420) and the power tactics, which are, according to Robbins and Judge, â€Å"ways in which individuals translate power bases into specific actions† (p.425). There are different power tactics an individual can use by moving people into specific actions. A research has defined nine distinct influence tactics. The most effective ones are rational persuasi on, inspirational appeals and consultation. The least effectiveRead MoreBrainwashing: Fact vs Fiction Essay1093 Words   |  5 Pagesmilitary strength) analysis that brainwashing is only a temporarily technique that within time fades away, according to Kathleen Taylor, â€Å"a state which expects its citizens to be politically sophisticated, reasonably mature, and socially responsible individuals has more chance of fostering such citizens than a state that treats its people like slaves or children† (Taylor, 2004, p.267). The origin of brainwashing was claimed by U.S.A to explain why most American soldiers arrived back from the KoreanRead MoreAttitude1230 Words   |  5 Pagesthis reflects feelings or emotional reactions. And can also said to be part of an attitude encompassing how one feels about the object of one attitude. C. Behavioural: this is the predisposition towards actions based on a particular attitude or to act in a way that is relevant to ones attitude. Let see how these three components works together. For example an attitude towards eating caterpillars is said to be unhealthy or likely to do you harm or at any rate the sort of things of things which willRead MoreChina s Military Action Against North Korea1547 Words   |  7 Pagesguarantee success. Coercion in terms of military strategy is the threatened use of force, which can be direct or indirect. It can be viewed as a hierarchal decision tree with dissuasion and persuasion as the two forms of coercion. The next level for dissuasion is through defense or deterrence. The next level for persuasion is through offense or compellence. Ultimately, China has four options of coercion available to it to direct towards North Korea. Beyond the actual form of coercion there are two channelsRead MoreAdaptive Social Behaviors, Conformity, Compliance And Obedience1369 Words   |  6 Pagesused for a variety of reasons; sometimes to help individuals stray from harmful behaviour such as smoking; other times [not as altruistic as the latter] to sway customer decisions towards consumerism. Such changes in behaviour require systematic approaches that can be in the shape of direct personal requests; or more subtle and elaborate commercials and political campaigns. Direct efforts geared at cha nging another’s overt behaviour require persuasion; and are often described as compliance [seekingRead MoreLeadership Reflections: Motivating and Influencing Behavioral Change1156 Words   |  5 Pagesstrategies to assess their potential for motivating and influencing behavioral change in the author’s organization. Organizational Roles and Responsibilities As an external change management consultant, the author acts both as a leader and as a follower (Vecchio, 2007) in motivating and changing the behavior of others within a client organization. The follower role develops from â€Å"subordinate† responsibilities for guiding the leadership team in processes of diagnosis, design, and deployment of strategiesRead MoreThe Basic Assumptions Of Dissonance Theory1374 Words   |  6 PagesDissonance is described as being the discomfort one feels when presented with two conflicting beliefs, or acting in a way that goes against a held cognition. Individuals have their own set of beliefs, and the level of dissonance felt when performing an oppositional behavior depends upon how central or important the belief is to the individual. In a situation where both consonant cognitions (aligned with your own) and dissonant cognitions are involved, the magnitude of dissonance will be a result of

Broadcast Models For New Digital Media - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Broadcast Models For New Digital Media. Answer: Introduction The media industry has been undergoing the radical changes in last few decades. The commendable transformation in the digital media is creating positive impacts on the industrial growth. The studios and the content publishers are looking forward to adopt the distribution models for changing the viewing perceptions of the customers (Devlin and Brown-Devlin 2017). Especially digital media has fundamentally altered the function of media by reinventing the practice of public communication. At a particular time, people in general were very much dependent on the traditional media and its rhythmic flows. Viewers tended to wait for watching an event as per the broadcast schedule fixed by the traditional media industry (Asada and Ko 2016). However, the emergence of new media has rendered a radical change on the overall business of a particular media industry. This specific study has focused to make an in-depth analysis on how digital media technology has influenced the viewers consuming behav ior. The history of media industry ensures that media landscape is having a dynamic progress from the initial stage of its journey. New media has rendered immense positive effect on the overall consuming behavior of the viewers. The transformation of the sports media broadcasting has created the recognizable impacts on the consumers minds. In Australia, the advancements of technologies have helped in ensuring growth in this sports industry. Effect of digital media in consuming sports has become an argumentative issue that has been elaborated by numerous eminent scholars from different point of views. As per the opinion of Dimitrova et al. (2014), media can grab the attention of spectators. Large number of viewers intends to show their own reaction by taking part on the live sports event. On the other hand, the media personalities by capturing the reaction of live audiences can enhance the significance of that sports event. The emergence of digital media has left immense contribution in gathering the people of different geographical backgrounds and cultures for taking part in the same sports events. In order to evaluate various aspects of broadcast models for digital media consumptionthis specific study has focused to make a critical evaluation on different frameworks related to broadcast media. The popularity of sports mass media has been widely accepted in North American Society. People gave immense positive response i n watching sports event in the schedules fixed by electronic media industry (Tsiotsou, Alexandris and Bettina Cornwell 2014). Live broadcast on one hand provokes large number of live viewers. Viewers can introduce their presence in front of camera and show their point of view regarding the sports event. The movement of the consumers to the higher levels determines the innovativeness brought to the new media broadcasting. The advancements of the broadcasting technologies are much recognizable in Australia. It is notable that in order to secure the future sports media, Cricket Australia launched onto the Apple TV network. It became the first Australian sports organisation to associate with this platform. The new Cricket Australia channel would present the mixture of interviews excluding the live contents. However, there is the question arose based on maintaining the sports broadcasting rights. On the other hand, another mode of sports consumption implies the presence of broadcast viewers who can watch the event through television beyond taking part in the live show. Franklin (2014) stated that the emergence of digital media has created a rapid involvement for the spectators due to its additional flexible facilities as well as benefits. Viewers do not have to wait for the scheduled time in order to speculate the sport event. The emergence of digital media is flexible enough in drawing the attention of customers at any time. As a result, viewers can watch any event even by making pause of live shows. Discussion As per the concept of Hierarchy of Effects Theory advertisers in order to create attention of customers tend to focus on six major components including awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction and purchase at the time of making the advertisement. In order to create a concrete awareness on the mind of consumers about the brands the advertisers tend to utilize the popularity of media platform. Guse et al. (2012) opined that sports event industry, in order to draw the attention of target group, focuses in utilizing media platforms. As a result, people belonging to different geographical and psychological backgrounds can focus on viewing the event. The involvement of two notions helps in identifying the two modes of sport consumption. The first is the use of media that creates much influence on the attendance of the spectators. Another notion determines the utilization of the media as a recreational substitute for the spectators attendance. However, as per the trend of curren t business industry sports organizers intend to use digital media platform for drawing the attention of viewers more effectively. On the other hand, people from different geographical backgrounds would be able to watch the event if it is broadcast in new media. The traditional method of media consumptions implies that there were the clear boundaries between the services that were linked to the specific infrastructures. It is notable the broadcasting programmes are generally distributed through terrestrial television, satellite or cable television to the consumers (H. Tsiotsou 2013). Automatically, the number of target audience would be increased. As per the current trend and psychology of customers, the market facilitators should give an in-depth knowledge and overview about the brands. Valenzuela (2013) opined that sports organizers in order to promote their shows to the people of different geographical boundaries intend to use the popularity of media vehicle with the help of which consumers of different geographical markets intend to show their interest. In order to build the liking on a specific product the market executives intend to promote the brand either by using traditional media or by using digital media. In case of sports broadcasting the organizers for drawing the attention of viewers intend to use digital media for introducing their agenda to the target market first (Boyd and Crawford 2012). As per the current trend of consumer behavior people tend to collect an in-depth overview about the products and services before using it. Like the same way, before taking part in the live shows the viewers intend to get an overall update about the sport from various media platform. Kahne, Lee and Feezell (2012) emphasized the emergence of digital media ensures to d raw the attention of different audiences even who are staying in the multinational countries. At the same time, the success of a business promotion is highly dependent on the preference level of customers. I order to create a particular preference level the sports organizers intend to create a USP of the event. Xu et al. (2014) opined that sports industries while broadcasting the show by using media platform tend to use cheer leaders who enhance the enthusiastic attitude of the viewers. Rendering cheer leaders within the sports is a part of business strategy for drawing the attention of customers. This specific study has focused to make an in-depth evaluation on how preference leaves a major impact on consumer behavior of sports industry. As commented by Croteau and Hoynes (2013), Conviction is the final stage where the doubt of customers regarding using the services is converted into action. With the help of excellence media presence, especially using digital media the customers can be convinced for being the part of sports events. It is necessary to ensure the sufficient amount of the audiences for fulfilling the economies of broadcasting (McCarthy et al. 2014). The sufficient amount of audience size can generate the adequate financial resources. Moreover, the audiences often share the considerable buzz in the media sector. The attractive and appealing set of programs is available in different channel. However, the advancements brought to the technological world have been influencing the motives of the spectators in consuming the digital technologies to watch sports events. Purchase is the final stage of Hierarchy of Effects Theory. The audience after going through media promotional activities shows their interest f or being the spectator of sport events. The consumption of the Sport Mass Media has the pervasive influence on the society of North America. It is notable that there is the clear linking between the attendance of the spectators and use of media during any sport events. In fact, it can be considered that the media requires developing idea about the most relevant way of organizing the sports events that would be impressive to the spectators. The involvement of two notions helps in identifying the two modes of sport consumption. The first is the use of media that creates much influence on the attendance of the spectators. Another notion determines the utilization of the media as a recreational substitute for the spectators attendance. It provides the alternate way of satisfying the desires of the spectators. As per the current trend of consumer behavior people tend to collect an in-depth overview about the products and services before using it. Like the same way, before taking part in the live shows the viewers intend to get an overall update about the sport from various media platform (Abeza, OReilly and Reid 2013). From a clear management perspective, it can be implied that media behaviour depends on the proper marketing and communication strategies for maintaining the attendance. Use of the escalator model provides the clear and conceptual ideas about the sports media and the behaviour of the spectators. The model describes the frequency of the spectators to be engaged during the sports events. The sports community requires identifying the significance of attracting new customers and retaining the old customers. The conceptual analysis of the escalator model is to pushing the old customers up to the escalators whereas bringing the new customers onto the current escalator. This concept deals with different segments, such as non-consumers, indirect consumers, light users, medium users, and heavy users. The non-consumers usually do not pay much attention about the products or the sports events in this particular scenario (Boyd and Crawford 2012). These consumers are generally termed as the aware consumers. The misinformed consumers often are unaware or misinformed about the specifications. Finally, the non-aware consumers are the people who might be interested a bout the events presented through the digital media. It is necessary to select one of these categories to bring more consumers to the scenario. It is notable the broadcasting programmes are generally distributed through terrestrial television, satellite or cable television to the consumers (H. Tsiotsou 2013). The consumers who are much interested in consuming the product through media fall under the group of indirect consumers. In case of the digital media content in the sports industry, these spectators are just watching the streams, but they do not pay for the entire contents. Bchi, Just and Latzer (2016) defined that the light users are just the subscribers who are just above the indirect consumers. The medium users have the more contribution in the eSports products in compare to the light users. Finally, the heavy users are much involved into the eSports and they are engaged widely in building the community. The use of the digital media in sports industry is widely focusing on t hese spectators. The movement of the consumers to the higher levels determines the innovativeness brought to the new media broadcasting. On the other hand, Croteau and Hoynes (2013) pointed out the notions of the positive relationship between the use of media and live attendance during any sports events. It is observed that cable television or home video do not create much influence on movie or theatre attendance. Many of the studies revealed that the negative relationship depends on the degree to which the media is used for the recreational substitute or deals with the live attendance. The conceptual ideas regarding the substitutability are related to the understanding method of the participations patterns (Guse et al. 2012). This linking is facilitated because of the interchanging process of the different leisure activities for meeting the needs of the participants. For instance, it is sometimes noted that the travel companies often select the alternate ways to satisfy the tourists. These companies even focus on substituting the home-based activities for the betterment of the vacation experiences. Similarly, in spec tator sports, the spectators can select the alternates between visiting the events and viewing the program at their homes. The report provides the knowledge about the spectators behaviour while watching television. It is notified that the spectators from England often perceive the negative attitude in watching movie. On the contrary, it is also notified that the satellite coverage of the English Soccer League often collaborates with the live attendance (Kahne, Lee and Feezell 2012). Even in Israel, the report shows that the use of television for watching sports and event spectatorships is declined. It is even argued that sometimes the sports fan receive the scope to select the alternate means of following any match. The media coverage often influences such behavior of these spectators. Some of the optional means of sports broadcast and entertainment programs like sports bars, live webcasts, and cable television provide the scope of digital consumption without being physically present. In fact, the apparent substitutions of the industry perceptions are also much visible. Media broadcasts are thus seen to create the negative impact on the attendance of the spectators. In terms of establishing the relationship between the media use and spectators attendance, it is noticed that the linking is much complex (Lim et al. 2015). The dual route framework (DRF) signifies the four different behavioural modes. Such of these modes are light consumptions, event-dominant consumptions, media-dominant consumptions, and heavy consumptions. The fluctuations in these behaviours provide the glimpse of the ongoing nature in involving with each route. It is quite important to mention that due to the vast advancements in the sports media industry in Australia, The Australian Sports Commission Media Awards recognized the appreciable excellence in the sports broadcasting and sports journalism. In the DRF framework, the four modes of behaviour are described. It is notable that each type of the behaviour holds the different significance and different media patterns based on the attendance of the spectators. According to Doyle et al. (2016), symbiotic notes provide the consistence level of consumptions on judging the attitudes of the spectators whether it is light or heavy. On the other hand, the substitution-based modes recognize the engagement of the fans in a particular behaviour whether the media or event influences it. It also identifies the biasness among the spectators in selecting the method of using the media. On the other hand, the behaviour of the spectators provides the knowledge about the contrasts with many other relatable factors. These factors help in determining the validity of the consumptions modes specified in this context. The escalator model suggests that the involvement of the fans increases with the attendance degree (Dwyer et al. 2015). The survey rep ort describes that the spectators are more likely attending the women basketball. The similar trend related to the engagement of the consumers provides the enriched ideas about the general consumptions of sports. It is stated that in spite of taking the different trajectories by the individuals, the involvement depends on the behaviour intensity. The spectators belong to the category of the heavy customers display their stronger level of interests towards sports. They usually sustain longer than the sustainable period of the light customers. Similarly, the media-dominant consumers are much involved in compare to the consumers who are less inclined to the media usage. In such cases, the consumptions are associated with the high level of involvement. In fact, it is noticeable that the desires and motives of the spectators sometimes differentiate the fans (Dimitrova et al. 2014). Many of the spectators desire for the social bonding, and appreciated skills of athleticism for their excitements. It distinguishes the level of consumptions and involvements. Some of the substitution apps in current time influence the minds of the spectators if their desires are satisfied. Accordingly, the event-domina nt and the media-dominant spectators share the similar types of motivational profile by attending the events or through media consumptions. On the contrary, the motivational desires can differ in judging the desires of the light and heavy customers. Some of the specific trends influence the spectators in a significant way. It is notable that storytelling process has been evolving the use of the digital media. Previously, the descriptions of the story through the radio and television signified the use of the traditional media. In current time, the use of the television programming is accompanied by necessary marketing experiments (Funk and Lock 2013). These experiments are not even complimenting the main screen experiences. The social media interaction and communication process provides the opportunities to the spectators to share their views. Therefore, the consumptions of the digital means are deliberately affected. The regular viewers sometimes gain knowledge about the upcoming consequences, be it in sports or in any other media. The emergence of the social media and the digitalization has transformed the spectators choices to attend the events or viewing the shows (Hindman 2017). The savvy-programmers often take the advantage of such dynamics and promote the use of digital medium. Controlling the te levisions introduces the new innovative techniques to cut through the clutter. The technologies used for the smart phone devices are providing the sports-related news to the spectators due to which they become reluctant in attending the events or watching the television. The content providers therefore require being involved with the process of content discovery optimization (Croteau and Hoynes 2013). The changes in the technological parameter are one of the most constant features in the media industries. Many of the organisations have undertaken the fruitful strategies for dealing with the growth and convergence of the internet use (Larkin, Fink and Trail 2015). The media businesses all over the world sometimes require struggling for identifying the different and innovative business models. The model is associated with the brands that pay to media companies for producing the product related contents. This practice is increasingly applied to the broadcast media of the sports. It is notable that sport is one of the most expensive media products, which is currently estimated almost US$28 billion. The cost includes the charges of dozens of the expert staffs, expensive broadcast equipment, high-priced commentators, and involvement of the new technologies (Kunkel, Doyle and Funk 2014). However, in current time, the declines in the sports media is much highlighted. In Australia, the bro adcasting rights have been the major component of generating sports revenues. The advancements brought to the sports media are much remarkable in Australia. The company, Optus has provided the means to the viewers to use their mobile phone and watch the match on a two minutes delay. However, the issue was raised in considering whether Optus has the right to sell the sports media contents online or not. The decisions received from Court of Federal suggested that watching online contents by using mobile devices should stay intact. Telstra, the famous internet network provider in Australia, gained the rights to show games on mobile phones. Currently, huge infallible attractions of sports are much vacillating. It is noticed in United States that the emergence of the live sport has not determined the reduction of the decreasing charges of the television subscribers. On the contrary, advertising rates of the sports events have been creating impacts on spectators minds. It is necessary for the sports organisations to arrange the host broadcast feed. The existing broadcasters usually utilize these feeds for taking control over more sports organisations (Lopez-Gonzalez and Griffiths 2016). The sponsored contents often face the fundamental conflicts with the journalism process. In general, it has been observed that the consumers usually do not watch the sports broadcasts for gathering the information. They generally use it for serving the purpose of the entertainment. Hence, it is essential to broadcast the sponsored models that may attract fewer backlashes in the sports media (Matrix 2014). However, it is still necessary to consider whether the broadcasters would continue the in publishing the content that are created by the sports organisations to create the buzz among the spectators. From last few decades, internet has become of one of the most challenging factors for the media and entertainment industry. Concentrating on the American tradition, it is noticeable that the people are quite inclined towards movies and entertainments. Therefore, they select the internet media to download the movies as per their preferences. Similarly, in case of sports, it has been observed that the smart phone devices have been permitting the people to access many of the live videos of sports. This behaviour of the spectators has been influencing the digital media consumptions. Netflix, and entertainment media has provided a different idea to change this myth. It is observed that logging into the entertainment media has become the weekly routine to the American people (Pierson and Bauwens 2015). However, the question is focusing on the fact whether the similar ideas can be poised to the sports media as well. It is presumed that the similar tradition can be brought to the sports medi a. The current layout is showing the enormous success of ESPN whereas on the other hand, Disney-owned network is losing above 10,000 subscribers on a daily basis. Many of the major cable companies have been facing the severe declines since the long-term consumers are not viable for these networks. Such competition is taking place due to the price fluctuations and generational shifts. Due to the shifts in the generations, the viewers usually lose interests in shelling out hundred dollars that they do not even want to watch. They even want to get the proper access to their favorite programs on different devices (Pritchard and Funk 2006). The flexibility available in the internet sites is attracting the people more significantly. Hence, the expectation level of the spectators has also increased drastically. It is observed that the social media has created the significant impact on increasing the expectations and customized experiences. In current times, the consumers or the spectators are much interested on surfing internet and subscribe to their favorite games, matches, or races (Schmid, Kexel and Djafarova 2016). The availability of the different apps and video channels has made this surfing easier to the spectators. Hence, the consumption behaviour has drastically transformed. It is notable that the sports sectors have been earning benefits from the media/sports complex. The investments from the sponsors are making this earning possible for the sports industry. It has been observed that selling the sports tickets has been the major source of gathering revenues for the sports media in the previous time. However, the emergence of the television sports has reduced the stadium attendance (Valenzuela 2013). Currently, people can get access to the sports channel from their living rooms. The live coverage of the sports events is demonstrated to increase the number of fans. On the other hand, the sponsorship dealing is also one of the most important sources for generating revenues for both the teams and the sports organisations. The sports teams and organisations thus have been relying on these sponsorships in a recognizable way. Such increasing involvement of the sponsors and media companies has been dictating the powerful position in the sports and media indus try (Taneja and Webster 2016). On the other side, the sports organisations are also receiving the considerable benefits from the broadcasters, media publicity, and live coverage of the sports events. In case of Australia, people are much fond of watching sports on Television. The media market has been experiencing the drastic transformation over the last 10 years. This transformation has brought the positive changes in sports media. Consumers have enormous option to select the sports contents. In the year of 2015, more than 127,000 hours of sports programming were broadcasted in Australia. It is even reported that more than 31 billion hours were spent in viewing sports. Currently, some of the sports media companies have been generating more revenues by selling sports contents by reserving the broadcast rights. These organisations have been determining the associated benefits, such as increasing number of the public exposure, lucrative sponsorships, high level of brand recognition, and merchandising licensing opportunities. This live coverage has been ensuring the credibility and profile in the marketplace that becomes much helpful for the advertisers to generate the supports from the audiences. It is necessary to ensure the sufficient amount of the audiences for fulfilling the economies of broadcasting. The sufficient amount of audience size can generate the adequate financial resources. Moreover, the audiences often share the considerable buzz in the media sector. The attractive and appealing set of programs is available in different channel (Pritchard 2014). However, the advancements brought to the technological world have been influencing the motives of the spectators in consuming the digital technologies to watch sports events. The interests of the stakeholders in the sports and media industry can be similar or differ to each other. It is essential for the commercial organisations and media organisations to generate revenues by selling the broadcasting rights (Wrynn 2014). However, the changing exp ectations of the consumers have affected the economic structure of the digital media industry. In twentieth century, the media industry has gone through the evolution. It changed the roles and attitudes of the stakeholders associated with the sports media. The traditional method of media consumptions implies that there were the clear boundaries between the services that were linked to the specific infrastructures. It is notable the broadcasting programmes are generally distributed through terrestrial television, satellite or cable television to the consumers (Xu et al. 2014). On the other side, the telecommunication network was distributed through telephonic methods. The emergence of digital media has left immense contribution in gathering the people of different geographical backgrounds and cultures for taking part in the same sports events. In order to evaluate various aspects of broadcast models for digital media consumptionthis specific study has focused to make a critical evalu ation on different frameworks related to broadcast media. The popularity of sports mass media has been widely accepted in North American Society. People gave immense positive response in watching sports event in the schedules fixed by electronic media industry. The emergence of digitalization blurred the clear boundaries whereas the broadcasting sectors have been using the similar infrastructure technologies. Smartphone devices are currently enabling the access to the uploaded sports content via different applications. The trends of accessing these applications through internet have been creating high impact on the spectators. It is necessary to select one of these categories to bring more consumers to the scenario. In case of sports broadcasting the organizers for drawing the attention of viewers intend to use digital media for introducing their agenda to the target market first (Boyd and Crawford 2012). As per the current trend of consumer behavior people tend to collect an in-depth overview about the products and services before using it. Like the same way, before taking part in the live shows the viewers intend to get an overall update about the sport from various media platform. Kahne, Lee and Feezell (2012) emphasized the emergence of digital media ensures to draw the attention of different audiences even who are staying in the multinational countries. Large number of viewers intend s to show their own reaction by taking part on the live sports event. On the other hand, the media personalities by capturing the reaction of live audiences can enhance the significance of that sports event. The emergence of digital media has left immense contribution in gathering the people of different geographical backgrounds and cultures for taking part in the same sports events (Pritchard 2014). The consumers who are much interested in consuming the product through media fall under the group of indirect consumers. In case of the digital media content in the sports industry, these spectators are just watching the streams, but they do not pay for the entire contents. Many of the supporters who use the smart phones or digital cameras during the matches and then uploading the entire content may lead to violations. These supporters violate the contracts agreed by the sports organisations (Pritchard and Kharouf 2016). The sports organisations ensure that apart from broadcasters, no one has the right to cover the entire sports events. It would be the matter of devaluing the exclusivity of the sports contents. As a result, it would cause the lower prices for the broadcasting rights. On the contrary, it is also noticed that some of the sports organisations even extracted benefits from the user-generated contents. There is the keen possibility in extracting the benefits from the user-contents in terms of reaching to the fans. The interests towards the sports gradually increased. It is necessary to note that the editing or the sports contents are not aligned with the legal consequences (Lopez-Gonzalez and Griffiths 2016). It is essential for the commercia l organisations and media organisations to generate revenues by selling the broadcasting rights. However, the changing expectations of the consumers have affected the economic structure of the digital media industry. In twentieth century, the media industry has gone through the evolution. It changed the roles and attitudes of the stakeholders associated with the sports media (Linaza, Moran and O'Connor 2013). The traditional method of media consumptions implies that there were the clear boundaries between the services that were linked to the specific infrastructures. Depending on such infrastructures, the risk of liability would be different to each of the sports organisations (Devlin and Brown-Devlin 2017). The emergence of digital media has left immense contribution in gathering the people of different geographical backgrounds and cultures for taking part in the same sports events. The revenues collected from the sports events have been significantly increasing in US and Europe. The broadcasting rights are against the free-TV sources and subscriptions. These price structures and generation shifts are quite recognizably creating impacts on the spectators in current time (Ha 2017). The emergence of the more advanced technologies and subscription methods has generated more amounts of revenues. However, the spectators choices of accessing the internet-based applications are affecting the broadcasting rights in a significant manner. The emergence of digital media has left immense contribution in gathering the people of different geographical backgrounds and cultures for taking part in the same sports events (Dwyer et al. 2013). In order to evaluate various aspects of broadcast models for digital media consumptionthis specific study has focused to make a critical evaluation on different frameworks related to broadcast media (Franklin 2014). The popularity of sports m ass media has been widely accepted in North American Society. People gave immense positive response in watching sports event in the schedules fixed by electronic media industry. Conclusion Digital media has fundamentally altered the function of media by reinventing the practice of public communication. At a particular time, people in general were very much dependent on the traditional media and its rhythmic flows. The study also concludes that the Australian sports industry is much depended on the broadcasting media to generate revenues. Accordingly, the emergence of the innovative technologies allows the viewers to watch the sports online by using their mobile devices. Viewers tend to wait for watching an event as per the broadcast schedule fixed by the traditional media industry. The popularity of sports mass media has been widely accepted in North American Society. People gave immense positive response in watching sports event in the schedules fixed by electronic media industry. Live broadcast on one hand provokes large number of live viewers. The concept of Hierarchy of Effects Theory advertisers for gathering the attention of customers that tend to focus on six ma jor components including awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction and purchase. The conceptual analysis of the escalator model is to pushing the old customers up to the escalators whereas bringing the new customers onto the current escalator. This concept deals with different segments, such as non-consumers, indirect consumers, light users, medium users, and heavy users. The study also generates the in-depth knowledge about the effective advancements brought to the Australian sports media. With the help of broadcasting copyrights, Telstra received the opportunity to broadcast matches on mobile devices. The desires and motives of the spectators sometimes differentiate the fans. Many of the spectators desire for the social bonding, and appreciated skills of athleticism for their excitements. It distinguishes the level of consumptions and involvements. Some of the substitution apps in current time influence the minds of the spectators if their desires are satisfied. The ava ilability of the different apps and video channels has made this surfing easier to the spectators. Hence, the consumption behaviour has drastically transformed. References Abeza, G., OReilly, N. and Reid, I., 2013. Relationship marketing and social media in sport.International Journal of Sport Communication,6(2), pp.120-142. Asada, A. and Ko, Y.J., 2016. Determinants of word-of-mouth influence in sport viewership.Journal of Sport Management,30(2), pp.192-206. Boyd, D. and Crawford, K., 2012. Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon.Information, communication society,15(5), pp.662-679. Bchi, M., Just, N. and Latzer, M., 2016. Modeling the second-level digital divide: A five-country study of social differences in Internet use.new media society,18(11), pp.2703-2722. Croteau, D. and Hoynes, W., 2013.Media/society: Industries, images, and audiences. Sage Publications. Devlin, M.B. and Brown-Devlin, N., 2017. Using personality and team identity to predict sports media consumption.International Journal of Sport Communication,10(3), pp.371-392. Dimitrova, D.V., Shehata, A., Strmbck, J. and Nord, L.W., 2014. The effects of digital media on political knowledge and participation in election campaigns: Evidence from panel data.Communication Research,41(1), pp.95-118. Doyle, J.P., Filo, K., Lock, D., Funk, D.C. and McDonald, H., 2016. Exploring PERMA in spectator sport: Applying positive psychology to examine the individual-level benefits of sport consumption.Sport Management Review,19(5), pp.506-519. Dwyer, B., Drayer, J., Greenhalgh, G. and Lecrom, C.W., 2013. Substitute or complement? Fantasy football and NFL fandom.Marketing Management Journal,23(2), pp.71-85. Dwyer, B., Mudrick, M., Greenhalgh, G.P., LeCrom, C.W. and Drayer, J., 2015. The tie that blinds? Developing and validating a scale to measure emotional attachment to a sport team.Sport Management Review,18(4), pp.570-582. Franklin, B., 2014. The Future of Journalism: In an age of digital media and economic uncertainty. Funk, D.C. and Lock, D., 2013. Sport Consumer Attitudes.Leveraging Brands in Sport Business, p.37. Guse, K., Levine, D., Martins, S., Lira, A., Gaarde, J., Westmorland, W. and Gilliam, M., 2012. Interventions using new digital media to improve adolescent sexual health: a systematic review.Journal of Adolescent Health,51(6), pp.535-543. Tsiotsou, R., 2013. Sport team loyalty: integrating relationship marketing and a hierarchy of effects.Journal of Services Marketing,27(6), pp.458-471. Ha, L., 2017. Digital advertising clutter in an age of mobile media.Digital Advertising: Theory and Research, p.69. Hindman, M., 2017. 9 Journalism Ethics and Digital Audience Data.Remaking the News: Essays on the Future of Journalism Scholarship in the Digital Age, p.177. Kahne, J., Lee, N.J. and Feezell, J.T., 2012. Digital media literacy education and online civic and political participation.International Journal of Communication,6, p.24. Kunkel, T., Doyle, J.P. and Funk, D.C., 2014. Exploring sport brand development strategies to strengthen consumer involvement with the productThe case of the Australian A-League.Sport Management Review,17(4), pp.470-483. Larkin, B., Fink, J.S. and Trail, G.T., 2015. An examination of constraints and motivators as predictors of sport media consumption substitution intention.Sport Marketing Quarterly,24(3), p.183. Lim, J.S., Hwang, Y., Kim, S. and Biocca, F.A., 2015. How social media engagement leads to sports channel loyalty: Mediating roles of social presence and channel commitment.Computers in Human Behavior,46, pp.158-167. Linaza, M., Moran, K. and O'Connor, N.E., 2013. Traditional Sports and Games: A New Opportunity for Personalized Access to Cultural Heritage. InUMAP Workshops. Lopez-Gonzalez, H. and Griffiths, M.D., 2016. Understanding the convergence of markets in online sports betting.International Review for the Sociology of Sport, p.1012690216680602. Lopez-Gonzalez, H. and Griffiths, M.D., 2016. Understanding the convergence of online sports betting markets.International Review for the Sociology of Sport. Matrix, S., 2014. The Netflix effect: Teens, binge watching, and on-demand digital media trends.Jeunesse: Young People, Texts, Cultures,6(1), pp.119-138. McCarthy, J., Rowley, J., Jane Ashworth, C. and Pioch, E., 2014. Managing brand presence through social media: the case of UK football clubs.Internet Research,24(2), pp.181-204. Pierson, J. and Bauwens, J., 2015.Digital Broadcasting: An Introduction to New Media. Bloomsbury Publishing. Pritchard, A. and Kharouf, H., 2016. Leisure consumption in cricket: devising a model to contrast forms and time preferences.Leisure Studies,35(4), pp.438-453. Pritchard, M.P. and Funk, D.C., 2006. Symbiosis and substitution in spectator sport.Journal of Sport Management,20(3), pp.299-321. Pritchard, M.P., 2014. Building loyal consumers in sport business.Leveraging brands in sport business, pp.123-141. Schmid, B., Kexel, C. and Djafarova, E., 2016. Multidimensional Sports Spectators Segmentation and Social Media Marketing.World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering,10(8), pp.2657-2660. Taneja, H. and Webster, J.G., 2016. How do global audiences take shape? The role of institutions and culture in patterns of web use.Journal of Communication,66(1), pp.161-182. Tsiotsou, R.H., Alexandris, K. and Bettina Cornwell, T., 2014. Using evaluative conditioning to explain corporate co-branding in the context of sport sponsorship.International Journal of Advertising,33(2), pp.295-327. Valenzuela, S., 2013. Unpacking the use of social media for protest behavior: The roles of information, opinion expression, and activism.American Behavioral Scientist,57(7), pp.920-942. Wrynn, A.M., 2014. Sport History: We're More Than Just the Back in Back to the Future.Kinesiology Review,3(1), pp.71-79. Xu, J., Forman, C., Kim, J.B. and Van Ittersum, K., 2014. News media channels: Complements or substitutes? Evidence from mobile phone usage.Journal of Marketing,78(4), pp.97-112.

MHA Textile Case free essay sample

The MHA Case raises the issues of ethics and independence in the auditing world. MHA is the audit client, but NYH is one of its major subsidiaries. NYH has been forced to cut costs, which has left its accounting department lacking in enough adequately trained personnel. When Susan, NYH’s Accounting Manager asks the auditor for help in closing the books for the second-quarter, the auditor must decide how to proceed. The auditor has two main options: help Susan close the books or decline Susan’s request for help. Both of these options have their advantages and disadvantages. The auditor must weight the costs and benefits of both providing assistance in NYH’s bookkeeping. One benefit of providing assistance is preventing a strained relationship with the client. Since the client is clearly under a great deal of stress, she would likely be very grateful for the help and provide extra compensation for the service. We will write a custom essay sample on MHA Textile Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Additionally, Susan would undoubtedly prepare books that contain many mistakes and misstatements, because she does not understand FAS 146. The auditor will have a much easier and faster audit by helping Susan, since there would be fewer errors involved. On the other hand, the biggest cost involved in helping the client is the auditor’s sacrificed independence. One of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act’s main goals is to increase auditor independence. The auditor would be jeopardizing his career, the reputation of his firm, the reputation of the client, and those associated with the surrounding financial market. The Act prohibits auditors from providing any non-audit services, other than tax, for audit clients. By providing this bookkeeping service, the auditor violates SOX and loses a great deal of independence. This violation compromises each company and the users of their financial statements. On the other side of the spectrum, the auditor may decline NYH’s request for help in closing its books. The critical benefit of refusing the additional service is that the auditor is able to carry on his ethical responsibilities by remaining independent. Through this the auditor will not risk any legal or ethical consequences. A potential cost of refusing the service is the effect it could have on the client relationship. Since NYH is currently under a lot of pressure from the industry and time constraints, the auditors may hurt the relationship by refusing help in the client’s time of need. Additionally, the audit will be more complicated and time consuming, because the bookkeeping will not be up to the FAS 146 requirements. This costs the audit firm many resources such as their time and money. If I were the auditor in this case, I would choose to decline the extra bookkeeping service. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act prohibits auditors from providing additional non-audit services in order to maintain independence. An auditor who provides bookkeeping service to a company and then proceeds to audit it is checking over his work. The costs of helping Susan overshadow the costs of declining the service. Whereas declining the service effects the audit firm’s use of resources and a potentially strained relationship, helping the client with an additional non-audit service is prohibited by law and would result in harmed reputations and serious consequences to all those involved. Those consequences could include the auditor losing his license or job, a rise in the public’s suspicion and distrust in the audit firm, and skepticism of MHA’s business activities. The public expects independence from an auditor to ensure trust and neutrality in the audit. The audit firm needs to enforce the objective of remaining independent regardless of its few consequences. One thing the auditor may do to avoid stress on the client relationship is recommend someone who is independent from the auditor that could help close their books at a reasonable cost. The auditor should explain the reasons for declining and the potential consequences of helping, and in doing so, the client would understand the firm’s good intentions.

Asian Influence essays

Asian Influence essays Commentary on the article: Asian looking again at In the beginning of the last year, Taiwanese and Singaporeans came to Vancouver with a lot of money looking for prospects in the real estate market. These business people were looking for rental building, which were the "hot ticket" in real estate according to Vancouver relater John Gee The part of the city, which is attracting these buyers, is the West End of Vancouver, where the vacancy rate is about 1%. Even though some people feel real estate is really strong, others are trying to sell their buildings citing that the real estate market is stagnant. After reading this through I think that the Asians are doing the wrong thing by getting in to the real estate business because it is slow. It may take along time to recover their investment off the rental buildings. I also that the property value could decrease in price because most of the properties in Vancouver, especially commercial real estate, are overpriced. However, factors attracting overseas investors include low vacancy rate, low interest rates, and a future increase in the cost of rent. For investors who want security and a modest return the commercial real estate market offers great opportunities. On the other hand Asian investors can receive larger returns in In summary, the real estate market in Vancouver provides a secure investment climate for Asian investors, however they should be wary of the market stabilizing over the short term. ...

Biography of King George VI, Britain’s Unexpected King

Biography of King George VI, Britain’s Unexpected King King George VI (born Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George; December 14, 1895–February 6, 1952) was King of the United Kingdom, Head of the British Commonwealth, and the last Emperor of India. He succeeded to the throne after his older brother, Edward VIII, abdicated. He is the father of Queen Elizabeth II, Britain’s longest-ruling monarch. Fast Facts: King George VI Given Name:  Albert Frederick Arthur GeorgeKnown For: Served as King of the United Kingdom from 1936–1952, following the abdication of his brother Edward VIII. His reign saw Britains victory in World War II as well as the end of the British Empire.Born: December 14, 1895 in Norfolk, EnglandDied: February 6, 1952 in Norfolk, EnglandSpouse: Queen Elizabeth, nee Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (m. 1923-1952)Children: Princess Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth II (b. 1926), Princess Margaret (1930-2002) Early Life George VI, who was known as Albert until he became king, was born to Prince George, then Duke of York (later King George V) and his wife, Mary of Teck. He was their second son, following the birth of his brother Edward the previous year. His birthday was also the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Prince Albert. To honor the prince- and in deference to Queen Victoria, who was reportedly upset upon hearing the news of the prince’s birth on that day- the family named the child Albert, after the late Prince Consort. Among family, Albert was known as â€Å"Bertie,† like his grandfather the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII). As a boy, Albert suffered from several health problems, including bowed knees and chronic stomach ailments. He also developed the stammer that he would struggle with for the rest of his life. When Albert was fourteen, he began attending the Royal Naval College as a naval cadet; like many royal second sons, he anticipated a military career. Although he struggled in his early studies, he graduated in his training and progressed to training on board a ship in 1913. Duke of York In 1910, Alberts father became King George V, making Albert second in line for the throne behind his brother Edward, who quickly developed a reputation for his hard-partying ways. Albert, meanwhile, had just embarked on his full-fledged naval career when World War I broke out. Although he went through an emergency appendectomy in 1913, he recovered and rejoined the war effort, eventually being mentioned in dispatches for his action during the Battle of Jutland, the largest single naval battle of the war. Albert suffered another medical setback when he had to have surgery for an ulcer in 1917, but he eventually transferred to the Royal Air Force and became the first royal to be a fully certified pilot. He was posted to France in the waning days of the war, and in 1919, after the war had ended, he became a full-fledged RAF pilot and was promoted to squadron leader. He was made Duke of York in 1920, at which time he began taking on more public duties, although his ongoing struggle with his stammer made public speaking difficult. That same year, Albert crossed paths with Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne, for the first time since they were children. He fell in love with her immediately, but the path to marriage wasn’t quite so smooth. She rejected his marriage proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, because she wasn’t sure she wanted to make the sacrifices that being a royal would require. By 1923, however, she agreed, and the couple were married on April 26, 1923. Their daughters Elizabeth and Margaret were born in 1926 and 1930, respectively. Ascent to the Throne Albert and Elizabeth lived a relatively quiet life by choice. Albert’s public speaking requirements led him to hire speech therapist Lionel Logue, whose breathing and vocal techniques helped the prince to improve his public speaking abilities. Albert and Logues work together was depicted in the Oscar-winning film The Kings Speech in 2010. Albert supported the improvement of working conditions, served as president of the Industrial Welfare Society, and ran a series of summer camps for boys from a wide range of socio-economic backgrounds from 1921 until the outbreak of World War II. In 1936, George V died and Albert’s brother Edward became King Edward VIII. Controversy immediately erupted, as Edward wanted to marry Wallis Simpson, an American who had divorced her first husband and was in the process of divorcing her second husband. The subsequent constitutional crisis was only resolved when Edward chose to abdicate rather than give up Wallis. He did so on December 10, 1936. Since Edward was unmarried and childless, Albert became king, taking the regnal name George VI in honor of his father. He was crowned in Westminster Abbey on May 12, 1937- the date previously slated for Edward VIII’s coronation. Almost immediately, King George VI was pulled into the controversy over the U.K.’s handling of Hitler’s aggression on the European mainland. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain continued to pursue an appeasement policy, and the king was constitutionally bound to support him. In early 1939, the king and queen visited Canada, making George VI the first British monarch to visit. On the same trip, they visited the United States and formed a rapport with President Franklin D. Roosevelt that would help solidify the American-British ties in the coming years. World War II On September 3, 1939, after Germany failed to respond to an ultimatum issued over their invasion of Poland, the United Kingdom, along with its European allies, declared war on Germany. In spite of constant air raids by the German Luftwaffe, the royal family remained in official residence in London throughout World War II, although they actually split their time between Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle. In 1940, Winston Churchill took over as prime minister. Although he and King George VI had a rocky relationship at first, they soon developed an excellent rapport that helped bring the U.K. through the war years. The king and queen made many visits and public appearances to keep up morale, and the monarchy hit a high in popularity. The war came to an end in 1945, and the following year, London hosted the first assembly of the United Nations, with George VI making an opening address. Later Years and Legacy In the years after the war, King George VI turned to matters of his own empire, which entered a decline in influence and power on the world stage. India and Pakistan declared independence in 1947, and Ireland left the Commonwealth altogether in 1948. When India officially became a republic, George VI took on a new title: Head of the Commonwealth. King George VI had suffered health problems all his life, and the combination of stress from the war and his heavy smoking habits led to a series of major health scares in the late 1940s. He developed lung cancer, as well as arteriosclerosis and other diseases, and underwent multiple surgeries. Princess Elizabeth, his heir, took on more and more of his duties, although she was recently married and starting a family with her husband, Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. On the morning February 6, 1952, King George VI was found in his room at Sandringham, having died in his sleep. His daughter Elizabeth immediately became Queen Elizabeth II at the age of 25; she is the longest reigning queen regnant of all time. He is buried in St. George’s Chapel, and the remains of his wife Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother and his younger daughter Margaret have since been interred alongside him. King George VI was never supposed to be king, but he reigned over the later years of Britain as an imperial power and saw the nation through one of its most dangerous eras. Sources Bradford, Sarah. The Reluctant King: The Life and Reign of George VI, 1895 – 1952. St. Martin’s Press, 1990.â€Å"George VI.† Biography, 2 April 2014, https://www.biography.com/people/george-vi-9308937.Howarth, Patrick. George VI: A New Biography. Hutchinson, 1987.Smith, Sally Bedell. Elizabeth the Queen: The Life of a Modern Monarch. Random House, 2012.

To what extent is employee motivation for departmental support staff Essay

To what extent is employee motivation for departmental support staff employed by a (UK) local authority affected by workplace organisational change - Essay Example Various reasons for organizational and management change have come to light through studies. Change in an organization can be due to downsizing, redundancy, change of management through mergers and acquisition, change due to expansion, and most important due to the advancements in technology. UK has experienced problems in all types of organization. While there may be certain factors common to all, there are certain unique characteristics specific to the department or the organization. According to Worrall, Campbell & Cooper (1999) redundancy is the redundancy is the most evocative and fear inducing form of organizational change for many workers. A survey on organizational change in UK revealed that within one year there was dynamism, persistence and an increased pace of change. There was a visible increase in the number of people affected by restructuring. They also found that larger firms employing more than 500 people were more at risk of being affected by restructuring. They established that there were differences in restructuring over industrial sectors, with the public sector experiencing the highest restructuring. The effects of redundancy were consequently different also. Brockner et al., 1986; Kozlowski et al., 1993 emphasize that emotions synonymous with grieving such as shock, anger, denial, guilt and fear. These lead to decreased motivation, decreased trust in management and decreased levels of organization commitment even in subsequent jobs (cited by Worrall et al.,). These emotions and attitudes even affect the behavior of survivors. It makes them indecisive, they are averse to taking risks, and the workers are not willing to go ‘that extra mile’ (Thornhill et al., 1997; Smith and Vickers, 1994, cited by Worrall et al.,). Individuals become loyal to their own development than the organization (Reilly et al., cited by Worrall). Robinson and Rousseau (1994) also agree that redundancy leads

The Legacy of Enlightenment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Legacy of Enlightenment - Essay Example The opposing strand was counter enlightenment which constituted of royal antagonists of the old order and conservative clerical thinkers of both catholic and protestant denominations. Despite reaction, western religious traditions have been deeply enriched by the enlightenment. The mainstream religions have adapted to the enlightenment ethical values of free inquiry, democracy, equality and universality. Religious battles have tended to cease where enlightenment values were most cherished (Zafirovski, 2010). The concept of enlightenment is both a philosophical concept and an historical process. The critical social theory uses enlightenment in the wide sense as advance of thought which has always aimed at liberating human beings from fear and installing them as masters. The essence of enlightenment is understood as the choice between alternatives. The concept of enlightenment describes a fundamental structure of reason and characterises the historical practices that in modernity have led to rationalization and reification. The modern enlightenment is an embodiment of self cancelling ideas of bourgeois, democratic culture. Following the early critical theory, politics of emancipation is by necessity a politics of enlightenment, a form of enlightenment that transcends the parameters of modernity as the product of the eighteenth century enlightenment and thus beyond the latter itself. The modern enlightenment epitomizes and completes a process of enlightenment that began several millennia ago. This differentiates pre-modern and post modern enlightenment including persuasion and education, as non coercive means of moral regulation in contrast to coercive forms of social control (Jacob, 2001). The age of enlightenment or age of reason was aimed at reforming the society and advance knowledge. It also saw the promotion of science and intellectual exchange and opposed superstition, intolerance and profanity in churches and the government. A distinction occurs between oc cidental and oriental enlightenment whereas the former is associated with rationalism and liberalism and the latter constitutes mysticism and conservatism or traditionalism. Enlightened thinking is said to begin during the renaissance period, with the reformation or even the Greeks (Jonathan, 2001). The Children of Enlightenment According to Todorov, there are three ideas that form the basis of enlightenment project. These are universality, autonomy and human end which he believes is the purpose of our acts. What we require today is the realignment of enlightenment thinking in a way that preserves our culture while subjecting it to a critical evaluation, assessing it in light of wanted and unwanted consequences. The traditional antagonists of enlightenment are equated with Hydras that keep on growing even after they are cut. These traditional antagonists will never succeed because societies are becoming more liberal in the quest for autonomy and dialogue. He continues to assert that he is sceptical about the use of human rights since they are used as instrument for justifying our western superiority. There is a distinction between religions which appeal to human beings or to tribe only. Human beings have two obligations only; to love God and to love their neighbour. One characteristic about enlightenment is the celebration of plurality and difference. Decolonisation as such was channelled by ideas of autonomy,

Army Nurse Corps Essay Example for Free

Army Nurse Corps Essay All women in the Army served then in either the Army Nurse Corps or the Women’s Army Corps (WAC). All Army nurses were officers, and were Direct Commissions. That is, they became nurses first and then attended a ten day or so Orientation Course at (Ft. Sam Houston, Texas) to teach them how to be officers, the rudiments of military life, who to salute and when, etc. (There were a small number of male nurses who went through the same program. ) Nurses were assigned to Army hospitals, both Stateside and overseas, and were billeted separately from male officers. In Vietnam, Army nurses served exclusively in rear-area hospitals at major bases. The Women’s Army Corps (WAC) provided all Army female enlisted personnel and also had its own officers. Most WAC officers exclusively administered WAC units, but a handful received assignments to staff positions and other rear-echelon duties. In Vietnam, enlisted WACs performed mostly clerical duties, although some worked as medical technicians. Whatever their duty assignments, all enlisted women, on any base, even in the States, were billeted together as a single WAC Company in a guarded compound. (WAC officers had separate quarters, of course. ) Within this compound, in their barracks, WACs pulled their own guard, armed with baseball bats and whistles. (Neither WACs or nurses were issued weapons, and even those sent to Vietnam had only rudimentary firearms training. ) One tiny WAC unit (peak strength, 20 officers and 139 enlisted women) was assigned to Saigon, and nowhere else in-country. No WACs, even medical personnel, got any closer to combat than this. Eight US servicewomen died in Vietnam. Of these, four Army nurses and an Air Force flight nurse were killed in three separate, non-combat, plane crashes, and another died from disease. An older nurse died of a stroke. Only one woman, Army 1LT Sharon Ann Lane, was actually killed in a combat action, in a VC rocket attack on Chu Lai, in 1969. Besides nurses and WACs other American women would also go to Vietnam. TOD and China Beach covered most of the categories. American Red Cross girls, entertainers, civilian employees of the US government or contracting firms, newspaper correspondents, Christian missionaries, that about covers it. ARC girls made brief daylight visits (a few hours) to advance bases. The rest had rear-area jobs. (Christian missionaries were usually older, married women. ) American civilian women lived in major Vietnamese cities, which were off-limits to US troops, the exception being Saigon. Any women billeted on US bases also lived in guarded compounds. † Susan O’Neill served as an Army nurse in Vietnam from 1969 to 1970. â€Å"Don’t Mean Nothing† is her first book, written nearly thirty years after the experiences it depicts. O’Neill tells us that, (O’Neill, p. 15) â€Å"Before I went, I just assumed that war would involve injury and death; thats why I was being sent there, after all. But its one thing to look at it from a distance, and form neat mental pictures. Once you step through the looking glass, as it were, into the reality of itonce your sneakers are full of somebody elses bloodyou look at the whole thing quite differently. The bloods no longer a metaphor; it goes through to your socks and into the skin of your feet. Into your soul. † O’Neill gives us a clearer definition of what Vietnam was truly like. She offers that it wasn’t a place where you played around because people’s lives were at stake. The author goes on to tell us that, â€Å"Back in the states, when I so glibly thought I knew what Vietnam and war, in general, was about, I had opposed it on some cool-headed philosophical basis, from some distant notion of empathy. Gradually, in Vietnam, I became horrified at how callow my ideas had been.

Characters that Most Influenced Inman in Cold Mountain Essay -- essays

The novel Cold Mountain is about two peoples’ independent journeys through different struggles and situations at the same time. One of these people is Inman, an injured soldier who is trying to find his way home after deserting from the fighting. He meets a lot of strange people along the way. Some of them help and some of them hinder. However, they all teach him something about himself, or something that he can relate to himself. There are some characters that are more significant in this respect than others and they have more of an actual influence on Inman’s journey. One of these characters is Veasey, the preacher. Inman meets him when he catches the preacher trying to throw a drugged, pregnant girl into the ‘Deep River’. Inman saves the girl from Veasey and leaves him to face his punishment. Later on in the story, Veasey returns with â€Å"his face†¦cut and marked by bruises†. Veasey is a general negative influence on Inman’s odyssey. He uses religion to justify his immoral acts and symbolises false faith and unrestrained selfishness. He is, however, company for Inman, even though Inman does not want it. They travel together and find a â€Å"grim roadside inn†. It is here that we see Veasey as being a danger to Inman. Veasey meets a prostitute called Big Tildy and makes a deal. Here, he picks a fight with a drunken, armed man who tries to take Big Tildy elsewhere. The two men draw their pistols at each other, but Tildy takes Veasey’s from him. Veasey wants to continue with the fight. Inman steps in a nd the drunken man goes away. â€Å"You’re set on getting us both killed.† Inman realises that Veasey is a danger and tries to leave him behind when he leaves, the next day. Veasey however, catches up to him again. Together they both meet Jun... ...s ironic because all throughout the novel we have heard stories of Inman’s terrible ordeals in the war. Inman’s journey has been both negatively affected (Veasey) and positively affected (Sara). In my opinion, for all of the bad things that happen to Inman, something good happens. The best example of this is Veasey. Inman puts up with Veasey and his annoying habits for so long, and he saves his life in the end. Therefore, even the negative influences that Inman experiences on his odyssey, result in a positive outcome. Inman learns a lot from the people that he meets on his odyssey. Some affect his journey and some do not. There are characters that have not been mentioned because they are not as influential as the ones that have been. Characters like the gypsies, who show Inman that stereotypes cannot always be trusted, do not help him on his psychological journey.

Meditations

SoP†A man's worth is no greater than the worth of his ambitions.† When I read Meditations by Marcus Aurelius little did I know the impact it would have on me while choosing my career path. At a very young age, I began to be fascinated by the role of money in our day today lives, this allure grew and it influenced my goals. It's with great deliberation that I have decided to pursue the Master of Finance course in your esteemed institution, since it is harmonious with my goal of being a Financial Analyst. This course appealed to me, due to its compelling curriculum. As I read through the syllabus I realised the foundations of the challenging course work would give me an in-depth understanding of concepts such as corporate finance, a subject which has always fascinated me. The convergence of each and every subject offered in the coursework during the two-year period shall not only provide the exposure I desire from the Master's program but will also allow me to lay the foundation to pursue my aspiration of Chartered Financial Analyst – a professional degree that one can aim to actualize since it will be in perfect synchronisation with the university's course program. Australia is also the choicest of countries to pursue my Graduate studies. Since I have always the admired their hospitable approach to international students, and the balanced and cultured perspective it imparts to the students who study there. I also believe pursuing my graduate degree there will not only improve my knowledge but will also help in my holistic development.My family has always inculcated in me the need for education and the value of hard work. All through my life, my parents would show me all their values not in words but in their actions. My mother who is an educator taught me that a good education is the profoundest of accomplishments. My father imparted to me the attitude of working with meticulousness and going the extra mile to succeed in my endeavours. They supported and encouraged my intellectual curiosity, and fostered my fledging interest in finance. They would patiently field my questions on the basics of economy and gave me the leeway to understand how they would budget our household expenses. With this strong backing I decided to attempt one of the most challenging exams in India, the Chartered Accountancy Exams. While preparing for this exam, I came to realise the complexities involved in accounting. The real learning began when I cleared the first level of the exam and started preparing for the Intermediary level. I was exposed to a variety of subjects including concepts of financial management, information technology and management principles. The core focus however, remained on accounts, finance, auditing, corporate and tax laws.As I studied I began to understand that the course of work I had chosen was challenging as well pushed me out of my comfort zone. I decided to complete my graduation in Bachelors in Commerce, to further enhance my understanding. After which I began work as an intern to get an incisive glimpse into the workings of an accounting firm. I got an opportunity to intern with Transaction Advisory Services at BDO India (erstwhile MZSK and Associates). The department specialised in valuation services, due diligences, other structuring options. As I started to get involved in various projects I began to find myself progressively drawn towards finance. As my work progressed, I soon began to immerse myself heavily into assignments, which made me understand that finance is indeed one of the key pillars of the business world. The end of the internship period bridged the gap between my ideals and real life, and clinched my dream of delving into the world of finance. This led to my decision to pursue Masters of Finance as against a Management degree since I was looking for something more niche and specialized. The job market in India provides plenty opportunities to those with skills in the field of finance including corporate finance and personal finance, however, the management programs here that are excellent in its own entirety do not allow a student seeking expertise in a distinct arena to flourish. India is now an emerging economy, the need for more specific expertise is on the rise, with the help of this program it would be an incredible contribution on my behalf to be able to apply the knowledge and exposure I receive at your revered university towards my ambition as well as the prove to be a contributing asset in the company of my choice in India. Therefore, this degree would be compelling factor that would decide my future career prospects. I would advance tremendously since your syllabus involves all the requisite skills that I would need to work with top tier firms. It would also be remiss if I fail to mention the advantages of being in a vibrant and vivacious environment that characterizes university life at ANU. I would like to further assert that this program would provide invaluable significance to my life and academic career. This program will give me opportunity to study with like minded individuals and the fortuity to collaborate with premier faculty both of which would impact my person greatly. Therefore, it would be an absolute pleasure to be admitted as a part of this program.

Directing Scene I of Sophocles’ Antigone

The direction of the first scene of Antigone will set the mood for the entire play.   Antigone has called her sister Ismene to meet her outside the palace gates in Thebes.   She tells her sister the king will not allow their brother Polyneices to be buried.   Antigone tries to get her sister to help but she refuses.The setting will be at night.   Both women wear robes, with Antigone’s robe a dark color indicating mourning.   The set will be simple.   The palace gates and wall is the backdrop, with a strong imposing look.   There will be soft light glowing from behind the wall.   This will give the impression of life and activity.Although Antigone and Ismene are the only characters, the sound stage should be set to give the impression of occasional voices behind the wall.   The voices will be muffled and sound like a conversation between people walking past.   When this occurs, the sisters stop talking and look at the gate, fearful someone has heard them and is coming out to investigate.   Then the sound of conversation will fade away, and their conversation resumes.In front of the wall will be a simple bench made to look like stone.   There will be two â€Å"torches†Ã‚   near the bench to cast the sisters in a â€Å"half-light†.   Antigone will be seated on the bench.   When Ismene approaches she will rise to embrace her.   At first both sisters will sit together.   As the conversation develops Antigone will pace.The actresses will make gestures and expressions that match the dialog.   Sound and lighting will give the effect of a thunderstorm approaching from the distance.     Ã‚  Music is in the background.   It will be somber and at a moderate level until Ismene appears, then quiet during their conversation, and become louder and suspenseful at the close of the scene.   Wind from the storm blows out the torches.

Impact Of Robtic Program Essays - Robotics, Robot, Fiction

Impact Of Robtic Program Essays - Robotics, Robot, Fiction Impact Of Robtic Program I saw the flier from Tech, and it was second week of school. I spotted out a robotic course at MIT. The program seemed tailored to my interest in math and science and to my competitive spirit. I couldnt resist the opportunity. When I asked some of my friends if they were willing to sign up for a course with me, most of them discouraged me by telling me it was too advanced for them or they did not have time for such a course. Finally one of my friends and I signed up. The first day was not the best day. My friend and I were the only two students from our school who had signed up for this course and other people in that class seemed to know much more about robotics than what we knew. We were all given identical kits containing Lego parts, a microscope, sensor, motors, batteries, and wire. Our task was to design a computer-controlled robot that would navigate around a game board. Before our project was initiated, we divided ourselves into groups and competed against each other. Sometimes we competed against other groups of students from other programs. My group faced many real world problems like the breaking of a wire at the last minute before a major the competition, or the robot refusing to follow the algorithm, which we had installed. I made my full share of mistakes, but by the end of the program, I had gained some real experience. Although our robot did not fare very well in the first couple of competitions, we came in second in our last competition. My learning process was underway, and I knew that I had found my place. Toward the end of the class my instructor asked me if I would like to come for the spring course as assistant instructor. The Experience I gained was worthwhile and an exhilarating affair while helping other in designing their Robots. I learned a lot from them while I was helping the spring group in designing their Robots. By then I knew I wanted robotics as my career. I planned to take classes in my senior year, which would help me in Robotics. I am taking course like AP computer science and AP physics, which will help me to get into Robotics. My intended major in college is Computer science, which is part of Robotics. I gained skills and experience when I had worked in-group and as an instructor, and those are the skills needed to work in an entrepreneurial business environment, which I have selected as my career objective. Pursuing Bachelor degree in Computer Science at the University of Boston will help me to get in Robotics my intended Graduate Major. I cant wait to get in to

Downfall of Spain and France essays

Downfall of Spain and France essays Critics who claim that Europes wealth was built on the exploitation of people overseas have some justification, but the experiences of Spain and France demonstrate that exploitation alone was not enough. To build and sustain wealth, countries must be able to use wealth effectively. Spain and France are two countries that mastered the art of using people overseas to benefit themselves, and gain power. But with so much success overseas, how did two of the worlds most powerful nations of their time essentially lose their places as world leaders, and dig such insurmountable trenches for themselves that may never be completely filled? Are there any similarities in the downfall of these two once great world powers? The two major regional areas of Spain came together in 1469 when Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile, and more territory was added yet again, or re-won, in 1492 with the completion of the reconquista when all Muslims and Jews were run out of Spain. Another renowned event of the same year was the accidental discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus who had sought to establish a route to the Indies. Following this remarkable discovery, colonists from Spain began to settle the islands of the Caribbean, and northern coast of South America. In 1519, Hernan Cortes began his expedition from Vera Cruz with 600 Spaniards to overthrow the powerful Aztec empire at Tenochtitlan, modern day Mexico City. They conquered the capital city in 1521. In the next few years, they captured the Yucatan and most of Central America. In South America, the Inca Empire of the west coast and Andes Mountains became accessible to Spanish conquistadors after Vasco Nunez de Balboa found a portage across the Isthmus of Panama in 1513. In 1532, Francisco Pizarro, leading a force of some two hundred men, captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa. It appears that the reconquista, with its crusading spirit a...

Unit 2 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unit 2 Individual Project - Essay Example chieved while keeping in view the element of value addition in mind since sea food being a generic commodity; we believe our unique selling proposition will be value addition. Since the main market for our product is UAE which has very strict requirements for quality, therefore, our most important feature of the product will be the value addition. Our solo motto is producing quality seafood stuff which not only taking into account all the health related issues. We understand that for our customers it is very necessary that they receive nutrition which is on one hand is healthy and harmless to consume but it must also contain an element of taste and quality in it. Since Product quality, as a variable relating marketer’s action to consumer’s response largely depends upon the competitive positioning (Yoon & Kijewski, 1997)of the company therefore our product through its USP of freshness, quality and health consciousness will provide us the competitive positioning in the market. However, how a consumer makes a purchase decision depends upon how he or she is going to make a decision and whether the consumer either go through all the step or skip some and adopt other steps to make a purchase. The element of post purchase however can not be made before the purchase is actually done since after purchasing the product or service, consumer may either come up with positive or negative feedback about it. If we analyses the first stage of the process, we come to know that it is the stage where the actual need for the product and service arise. If at this stage, consumer is motivated enough, he will then proceed on to buy the product. In order to successfully launch our product, we believe there is a need for our product. Our industry analysis suggest that Being the coastal area, UAE always relied on the production and consumption of fish before the oil wealth started to flow into the UAE. Also due to more tourists being attracted to UAE, the demand for fish is also

Cultural Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Cultural Diversity - Essay Example The choice of this article is based on the interest in the more or less resilient Hispanic culture as represented even in the culturally dynamic developed countries. Hispanic culture remains stiff in terms of retention of traditional values and is represented in many countries of the world. Hispanic culture is in totality a reflection of Spain, Latin America and most countries in the Central America let alone being represented in large numbers in the US, European countries, some parts of Spain colonies in Africa and in Far East (Luna, 2003, p331). The article covers an emerging Hispanic folk healing as a nursing care approach where bilingual nurses integrate a cultural health care practice, curanderismo (meaning Hispanic folk healing), into modern nursing care, a move that has seen better health outcomes being realized in the US for the minority Hispanic group. Article Summary Luna’s article (2003) is an outsider’s eye on the Hispanic folk healing as a meaningful approa ch to health care in today’s times among the minority Hispanic groups living in the US. It introduces curanderismo as a renowned survival tactic in health care in history as old as 15th century. In the article, Luna (2003, p329) justifies cultural health interventions by linking them to the survival of humankind through medieval ages before modern biomedical models came to be. Today, the success of curanderismo in nursing is no longer thought of as magical as most people used to believe but an approach that has proven curative values (Luna, 2003, p333). The article primarily focuses on, other than just plain justification, real benefits of especially the use of curanderismo among other culturally and/or traditionally inclined medical care approaches. First is the regional benefit for the user. Using locally available plants and herbs, curanderismo is only traditional knowledge required for one to heal. With such a mechanism language between the caregiver or the nurse and the patient is no longer a barrier. Second benefit in line is the little economic input required. The nurse-curanderas (Hispanic folk healers or nurses) use plants and herbs, in a similar way the Asians do, and therefore capital resources required are basically cheap and locally available – and thus low-cost services. Compared to today’s escalating costs in modern physicians and health care delivery systems, a blending with the low-cost curanderismo reduces health care costs for the American minority groups with Hispanic origin. Therefore, in a way, curanderismo is a socio-economically friendly approach in this context, especially in US where the health insurance system has failed. The nurse-curanderas, in addition, have learned to use two languages – American English and Hispanic. Luna (2003) refers to these nurses and bilingual nurse-curanderas, who in their capacity as nurses are particularly effective in giving necessary care even to aboriginal Hispanics who may be completely locked to Hispanic language and culture. While some groups somehow distrust modern health services, curanderismo and the likes provide additional alternatives (Luna, 2003, p330). Interpreting Luna’s Article into real life practice In modern world, health care, like most other industries, faces difficult controversial issue of diversity of cultures (Sagar, 2011, p13). Due to globalization, modern health facilities are flocked with patients of different cultural

Supply chain relationship management Research Proposal

Supply chain relationship management - Research Proposal Example The first benefit is that it results in job creation. Such kind of jobs results in various roles for the employees like managers, sales, distributors, warehousing etc. There are mainly two classification of retailing depending on the identification of products. It was necessary to allow grouping of the products on the basis of the forecast methods, replenishment methods, planning system etc. The two classifications are Functional or staple products and Innovative Products. There are many challenges in retail supply chain. One challenge is that it can be very costly if the supply chain is not properly designed. There are many other glitches which are both external and internal to the business. Another major problem facing them is Suppler Reliability. If any supplier fails to do any of his function then there will be no product for them to sell (Coyle, Langley, Gibson, Novack and Bardi, 2008, p. 211). This can result in result in loss of consumers, lost profits and declining sales turn over. Hence in the process of selection of supplier it is very important to choose any reliable supplier. In today’s scenario, potential markets and outsourcing can have a major impact on the way a retail supply chain is structured. Presence of low cost for innovative products from Asian and China countries has resulted in paradigm shift to global manufacturing from local manufacturing. Hence this affects the supply chain in terms of cost and complexity. Bullying happens in retail sector where the companies like Wal-Mart have been accused of bullying small retail outlets. Retail stores are now taking full potential of the technology by carrying out many of their activities online. Hence such devices have increased the efficiency of small and medium retail business. But the main point of contention is that it could take forever for the company to generate returns on their investment (Mentzer, 2001, p. 186). The data

Cultural studies of Organization communication Essay Example for Free

Cultural studies of Organization communication Essay According to Saran and Kalliny (2009), there are many theories which explain the organizational behavior relative to changes in the structures. Saran and Kalliny (2009, para. 4) continue to explain that there are many variables potentially affecting the implementation process including corporate culture issues, such as formalization, decentralization, functional differentiation, leadership, job satisfaction and job involvement and organizational dynamic issues, such as resources and communication. The review of literature about this topic focuses on these key areas by providing historical and contemporary issues that have been captured within the scope of this research. Communication is one of the most essential things that an organization requires to prosper in any market especially during turbulent business environments. Dubrin (1997) was of the opinion that communication is a very important aspect that unites all systems of the organization. Managers spend most of their time communicating with different stakeholders to create an efficient flow of activities. Knowledge management is very vital to managers since the efficient operation of any organization depends on how information is managed. The long term survival of any organization depends on the ability to manage information and knowledge for the efficient communication. People exchange, process and use information through the system of knowledge management (Bakan et al, n. d. ). Organizational structure defines the various divisions within an organization and establishes a system of coordinating the various resources for the achievement of the goals and objectives. Decision making process follows the structure of the organization to ensure all responsible individuals make the appropriate decisions. The managers create a system of collecting information and ideas from all stakeholders during the process of decision making to ensure all parties are included in the decisions of the organization. All the forces to the organization must be considered during the decision making process, that is, environmental forces, technological forces and the strategies being adopted by the organization. The restructuring process must ensure that the managers create systems which make maximum use of the resources available to the organization. The definition of tasks, allocation of different resources and the arrangement of resources as well as tasks should match the structure, goals and objectives of the organization. Organizational structure provides the systems to be followed during division of labor, when delegating authority and responsibilities, when establishing units of command, and the span of control. The structure of the organization defines the strategies to be adopted when delegating authority and responsibilities (Porter, 1985). The use of technology is encouraged in developing organizational structures which match the needs of an organization. The use of information communication technology has increased as the need for efficiency in both private and public corporations intensifies. Technology helps people learn about the use of better knowledge about improving their systems. Good governance in organization requires the establishment of a clear organizational hierarchy to define the roles of each individual involved in the activities of the organization (Wade, 2002). The use of technology has been encouraged by many organizations to adjust the existing structures to fit new strategies that are required for improved performance. When new technologies are adopted, the management must introduce other structures to ensure their implementation takes place efficiently. The people working in an organization need to be educated and persuaded about the new technologies being adopted by the organization to ensure they utilize them for the benefits of all stakeholders (Evan Black, 1967). The technology must be relevant to the goals and objectives of the organization. The organizational factors must be well studied and analyzed to introduce a better system which is in line with all systems of the organization. Increase in technological innovation has attracted much attention especially due to the existence of scarce resources within the organization. Managers reshuffle the workers in their organization as well as creating other structures to ensure the organization adopts the new technologies being introduced (Rogers, 1995). Saran and Kalliny (2009) are of the opinion that implementing new technologies is complex and involves uncertainty. The uncertainty brings about conflicts between different stakeholders of the organization due to the new structures introduced. The uncertainty may create resistance from the people involved in the activities of the organization. The management must conduct adequate research about the best strategies to implement the technologies to ensure minimum resistance emanates from the individuals working in the organization (Rogers, 1995). However, Gill (2003, pg. 316) identified that many organizations do not conduct adequate research before implementing their new technologies and this has led to â€Å"low success rate, given the importance of the same in a very dynamic and ever changing business environment, where customers not only demand new products and services but also newness in the product offering. † Implementing new technologies requires introducing changes within the structure of the organization and behavior change is essential to ensure all stakeholders readily accept the new ideas. Behavior change is difficult where there is uncertainty about the technologies to be adopted. This may hinder implementation of the innovations. Organizations take a longer period to adapt to new changes compared to individuals. Fariborz (1991) suggested that the revolution in technology being observed today requires organizations to integrate the variables of the organization with implementation strategies. He continued to explain that technologies are the main vehicles of change and that individual, organizational and environmental factors affect the implementation of many technologies and innovations. Accepting change is the basis of introducing new technologies within the organization (Saran Kalliny, 2009). For an organization to adapt to new technologies there is need to link the organization to the appropriate technologies which match the structures within the system. The innovations and technologies adapt to the organizational and industrial structures with time and the management must be patient enough to allow the new systems become incorporated into the processes of the organization (Van De Ven, 1986). There is a learning process involved in the adoption of new strategies. The old systems must be done away with to ensure the people do not revert to them. The culture of the organization should be adjusted to accommodate the new changes. Changing the culture requires changing the attitudes and values of the people involved in the activities of the organization. Changing the culture is not an easy thing and many people will become opposed to these strategies since there are gains and losses to many people when new systems are introduced. The culture of an organization defines the values, norms, and attitudes that people have. The management must create structures which match the culture of the organization. The culture determines the best strategies to be adopted by the people working in an organization. The managers have a responsibility to establish a culture which suits the needs of the workers and other stakeholders of the organization (Bridges, 1991). The implementation of innovations and technologies requires a process to ensure all the stakeholders respond to the new systems successfully. The process starts from acquiring knowledge about the new systems, forming attitude about it, adopting or rejecting the new decisions, implementing and confirmation. Until the decisions are implemented, all activities prior to this involve mental processes. The installation of the ideas into real sustainable process is the final stage which determines the success of the management to implement its strategies (Pierce and Delbecq, 1977). Corporate restructuring allows the managers bring changes within the organization to accommodate new and better structures which improve the performance of an organization. The need to globalize domestic markets has forced many organizations to adopt better structures to create new market opportunities, overcome threats from organizations and diffuse models of business that relate to globalization. To improve the costs and revenue structures of the organization, managers have developed variety of objectives to ensure all aspects of management are captured (Jones, 2002). Formalization within the organizational structure provides the procedures to be observed when conducting the various activities by the individuals working in the organization. Organizational hierarchy describes the jobs and the amount of freedom provided to the stakeholders of the organization (Cohn Turyn, 1980). For the effective adoption and implementation of new technologies, the formal structures must be followed when performing duties within the organization. All systems of the organization should be properly coordinated to ensure the implementation of the new ideas is successful (Kim, 1980). Formal procedures are introduced within the organization to reduce stress which may originate from confusion that occurs when systems are not properly coordinated. Formal structures provide the lower level employees of the organization with equal opportunities to avoid discretion in the allocation of duties and rewards. The planning process requires the management to create a properly coordinated system that will bring about successful implementation of new technologies (Zaltman, Duncan Holbek, 1973). The use of communication is expressed in the organizational hierarchy where formal communication procedures are established. All people must adhere to the communication structures that the management has established for effective operation of activities. The organizational chart provides the flow of authority, information and other resources. The managers restructure the organizational structure as need arises and provide new roles to different individuals. Restructuring the organization requires creating a proper system so that all individuals can adjust accordingly (Bakan et al n. d. ; Porter, 1985). The global recession that affected all global economies in the world forced many organizations to adopt new strategies to improve their performance as well as ensure the corporate survival in the global markets. Many organizations have restructured their systems to adapt to the new changes brought about by the effects of the recession. To reduce the increasing costs of production, managers are adopting a downsizing strategy (Harman, 2009). The reduction in sales volume in the global markets provides managers with the decision to create better systems and structures which improve the image of the organization in the global markets (Dewar and Dutton, 1986). Hitt et al (1994) established that over the last two decades, many organizations have carried out extensive re-structuring process to cope with the changing global markets. The media and communications industry has been characterized by increasing competition in both local and global markets. Organizations need to restructure their activities to accommodate the changes in the global markets. Gregory (1999) provides that â€Å"corporate downsizing has been implemented by a large number of American firms in an effort to become more flexible and responsive to increased competition. † The strategy to down size many organizations have not been responsive to the strategy of reducing the costs of production. The impacts of downsizing upon the employees of these companies have been worse. Cases of stress among the remaining employees have been reported by organizations which have used downsizing as a strategy to restructure their systems. Other negative impacts related to downsizing are reduction in career opportunities and reduction in the loyalty to the company by the employees. The loss of very important employees is another risk associated with downsizing organizations (Hitt et al 1994). Decentralization of authority is an important aspect when implementing better hierarchies which ensure the organization is successful in its efforts to create a better structure. Decentralization allows all members of the organization to participate in the decision making process. Employees are able to translate the decisions made by their managers into specific plans of actions. For effective communication, the management should introduce a decentralized system to ensure all members of the organization contribute towards the activities of the organization. Decentralization ensures that all decisions are implemented successfully by establishing different work centers where different individuals can contribute their ideas. Workers are ready to own decisions when they participate in the decision making as well as implementation process (Jones and Jennifer, 2003). Proper leadership strategies within the organization should be adopted when implementing the new technologies. Leadership refers to the ability of the management to influence the subordinates to contribute willingly to the goals of the organization. The managers should have the skills of influencing others to accept the new structures for the success of the organization. Managing change within the organization requires proper leadership skills so that the managers can influence their followers about developing new behaviors to adapt to the new systems of the organization (Robbins, 1998). To ensure the employees accept the new technologies, the management should ensure the employees are satisfied in the jobs assigned to them. Job satisfaction creates the willingness to perform duties without being forced and motivates the employees to improve their performance (Herzberg, Mausner and Synderman, 1959). Functional differentiation allows the management to introduce better systems within the organization. Kimberly and Evansisko (1981, pg. 693) define functional differentiation as a process which represents the extent to which an organization is divided into different units, normally measured by the different number of units under the top management. The extent to which an organization differentiations its structures determines the success in implementing technologies. The communication process is made efficient by a high differentiation of the processes. The top management has the role of ensuring all employees comply with the established rules for the efficient operation of the differentiated units of the organization (Baldridge and Burnham, 1975). To ensure employees are satisfied by the various duties assigned to them, the management should differentiate the organizations units and allocate jobs according to the skills and experience of the individual employees. 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